Introduction

This proposal is submitted in keeping with the key questions of the IS4IS DTMD workshop in Vienna June 3-7 2015. More specifically it is intended as argumentation aid and one (of necessarily several) contributions to a more comprehensive description of transverbality.

Methods

development of descriptive argument
reflective and abductive use of metaphor
thought experiment and/or physical demonstration

The definition of transverbality used here was introduced by M. Varga v. Kibed and means going beyond the verbal and nonverbal in a way that encompasses both and extends them by irreducible aspects of groups of persons [...]. This extension is connected with possibilities for forming models of systems behaviour by groups of persons. Scenic methods are primary fields of application for the concept of transverbality. […] making use of certain perceptional abilities specific to human groups as model systems (cf representative perception […]). (Varga 2006)

This general concept of transverbality leads to an understanding of transverbal language with [...] groups of persons – not the single person – as primary speaker and […] founded on representative perception. (ib.)

[R]epresentative perception [...] in the SySt approach is defined as the spontaneous appearance of differences in proprioception and perception in members of a group forming a model system […]. (ib.)

Mentioned concepts arose from a “tractarian” recognition of the linguistic nature of specific scenic (modeling) methods (constellations), which Varga v. Kibed & Sparrer developed into systemic-structural constellations (SySt).

In reminiscence of Wittgenstein's impetus for the Tractatus as a logical-aesthetical-ethical opus, the author proposes a navigational addition to the tractarian requisites of sagen [saying] and zeigen [showing] called sich zeigen lassen [letting show].

Operationally letting show could be defined as the somatically emerging bridge of a given bottom-up-top-down oscillation.

This bridging occurs through / can be demonstrated by differentiation processes appearing as representative perceptions in person groups forming model systems, as syntactically facilitated in the systemic-structural constellations (SySt) method.

The idea of letting show is derived from empirical knowledge that with (the syntactic approach of) the SySt methodology (and its attention to somatic differentiations in the modeling process) anything – physical, abstract or even vague (a hunch, a notion) - can be modeled by person representatives, (not only [other] person systems).

As argumentation aid letting show could be used to look at the concept of embodiment (G. Lakoff & M. Johnson) as well as tacit knowledge (M. Polanyi) in a different light.

In terms of the former representative perceptions could be seen as exbodiments (of the model forming person group).

In terms of the latter the model forming person group is set in motion – so to speak - “to let 'tacit knowledge' emerge”.

In Wunsch und Wille in der Handlung bei Wittgenstein Andrej Ule (1994) explores Wittgenstein's differentiation between wish and will as intentional requisites in a never fully formulated theory of action: wish is seen as preceding action, will is seen as internal aspect of action, as it shows through action. In terms of the SySt method Varga illustrates the gap between wish and will with the bridge of the As if.

The way letting show is tried here, it could be seen as non-intentional dimension “folded into” the contingencies of action, yet syntactically “accessible” (even discreetly “operable”) by as if maneuvering.

It shall be explicated how (in the modeling method) and why (in regard to least intrusive or even non-violent communication [comp. M. Rosenberg]) to syntactically approach and navigate issues of values and beliefs within a given problem setting.

Two modeling formats, which lend themselves to questions of values and beliefs, shall be described more closely:

1. Varga/Sparrer's constellation of belief polarities adapts F. Schuon's description of the Jnana-, Bhakti- and Karma-Yogas - as categorizing aspects of any sustainable religious form – into a stabilizing paradigm, often used as meta-SySt-format.
2. The other is the so-called core transformation constellation, which deals with defocused topics and the good intention (behind the good intention [behind the good intention {behind the good intention ….} …. ] …. ) …. – towards “an understanding” spanning from the verbal to the preverbal.

References

1. Varga von Kibéd, M. (2006): Solution-Focused Transverbality: How to keep the Essence of the Solution-Focused Approch by extending it. In: Lueger und Korn (Hrsg.) Solution-Focused Management, Band 1, Rainer Hampp Verlag: München und Mering; pp. 42-43, p. 48.
2. Sparrer, I. (2009): Systemische Strukturaufstellungen, Theorie und Praxis; Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag, Heidelberg.
3. Lakoff, G.; Johnson, M. (1999): Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought; Basic Books, 1999; USA.
4. Polanyi, M. (2009): The Tacit Dimension; University of Chicago Press; Auflage: Reissue (1. Mai 2009); USA.
5. Ule, A. (1994): WILLE UND WUNSCH IN DER HANDLUNG BEI WITTGENSTEIN; Univerza v Ljubljani, Slovenien. http://sammelpunkt.philo.at:8080/412/1/17-1-94.TXT
6. Wittgenstein, L. (1963): Tractatus logico-philosophicus: Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (edition suhrkamp), DE.
7. Goppelsröder, Fabian (2010): Bild, Sagen, Zeigen. Wittgensteins visuelles Denken; Fabian Goppelsröder. Date: XML TEI markup by WAB (Rune J. Falch, Heinz W. Krüger, Alois Pichler, Deirdre C.P. Smith) 2011-13. Last change 18.12.2013
8. Schuon, F. (1976): The Three Dimensions of Sufism by Source: Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Winter, 1976). © World Wisdom, Inc.
9. Rosenberg, M. (2003): Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life, Puddledancer Press; 2^nd edition, USA.

Introduction

My presentation aims at answering a part of the questions posted in the invitation to the session. The questions arose in and originated from the FIS discussion on Physical informatics … in October 2014. No doubt, they were formulated in provocative manner. The goal was to challenge discussion. I plan to illustrate my personal answers with a few examples quoted from the history of 20^th c. physics. My answers to the questions are not intended to be enunciations and to provide final solutions, rather they serve as arguments and indicate that nothing is closed, the discussion is open. Methods

1 What do we consider physical information? Can one speak about physical information when there is no live percipient to accept, evaluate and use it? Can one speak about physical information (e.g., signal exchange) between inanimate physical objects (cf., e.g., Feynman diagrams)? And if so, what is it for? Is (physical) information a passive phenomenon, or its existence presumes activity?

Interpretation of ‘activity’ plays important role in the possible answers. One of the interpretations says that activity is an antropomorph phenomenon. It is a privilege of the human mind, which is able to perceive and process information, able to teleologically evaluate its possible consequences and (re)act accordingly. Another interpretation says that there is inanimate activity, that means, reception of information between physical agents and their reaction to it. I argue for the latter concept.

Let us see the example of the interaction between two (electric) charges. There were two approaches in the classical age of developing these theories (1928-33). When two electric charges interact, there appear two types of interaction. One is a Coulomb-type repulsion/attraction (according to their mutual signs) governed by their scalar potential, and the other is a Lorentz-type one governed by their vector potential depending on their relative velocity to each other.

One type of the theories considered first the interaction between the scalar potentials and calculated the effect of the vector potentials as perturbation. It considered two charges approaching to each other from the infinity, when in first approximation they have got information on the amount of the Coulomb charge of the other, but not its velocity and the caused Lorentz force. The latter was considered in the perturbation process.

The other type of the theories considered first the effect of the Lorentz force of the approaching charges, and took into consideration the effect of the Coulomb force in course of the perturbation.

Representatives of both types of theories agreed that the roles of the interacting electric charges must be symmetrical, but Christian Møller. Møller [7], who belonged to the latter type of theoreticians, applied scattering matrices (1931). He showed that there appeared a component among the matrix elements that was asymmetric in respect to the two interacting charges. H. Bethe (that time a doctoral student of E. Fermi, 1932) could not accept this asymmetry and ‘corrected’ Møller’s theory. He ‘symmetrised’ those matrix elements artificially [1]. That was a rough and unjustified involvement in Møller’s equation, but due to the later attained high authority of both Bethe and Fermi, the physics community accepted the apparently convenient symmetrisation of the theory without discussion and has not treated it until the recent years. Thus any possible distinction between (roles and properties of) interacting charges were unrevealed until the past decade.

However, the question can be formulated so: how do the charges, ready to interact, get information from each other? All theories agree that interaction between two charges take place by the exchange of a boson. In case of electromagnetic interaction this boson is a photon. Which of them emits the first photon towards the other? Did this emitter receive any information from the direction of the partner charge prior to the photon emission? What else is this if not an asymmetry between the roles, and possibly between properties of the two interacting charges? The distinction between the interacting charges was introduced by the isotopic field-charge theory, and the notion of ‘isotopic field-charge’ made the distinction between the properties of the two charges [2],[3],[4],[5]. The latter led to the proof of the gauge invariance under rotation of a newly introduced property, the isotopic field-charge spin, in an abstract field, and its conservation. This conservation is a result of a symmetry. Neverthe-less, this mechanism argues for activity between physical objects without an animated (human) agent.

2 What are the limits between (closed and open) systems, from the aspects of information and of symmetries? Further, if so, how wide can we extend the meaning of activity to be still accepted for generating information?

What are the roles of different appearances of symmetries in taking a stand in the mentioned questions? What kinds of symmetry (or their absence) may play a role in making decision in the listed problems?

The ‘classical’ (20^th c.) relativity theories demanded that all physical laws were invariant under the Lorentz transformation. This was established first in the special theory of relativity that was formulated for electromagnetic interactions [6]. Lorentz invariance of physical laws was in fact a symmetry principle (conservation of the form of the laws during reference frame change) [9]. This invariance proved to hold for many other physical laws, so later also the symmetry principle was extended to other physical laws as well.

The Lorentz invariant relativity theory included another consequence: there is no distinct (odd) reference frame in nature. In other words, all reference frames are equivalent. Aren’t they? Based on Noether’s theorems [8], one can show that conservation laws hold in all reference frames. However, the quantity of the conserved property (e.g., mass, charge, etc.) may change in the different reference frames. E.g., the amount of mass of matter in a closed system depends on the velocity of the observer relative to that system where the mass is to be measured. One can always find a reference frame from which the amount of the measured mass is minimal. This fact contradicts to the absence of a distinct (odd) reference frame. And there are more. Is there any invariance that compensates this lost equivalence of all reference frames?

The observer can be not only a human agent who measures with instruments and reads the records. It can be another inanimate mass that perceives information about the mass from the observed system. Its ‘activity’ is that this information can be obtained by experiencing a force. This force can be gravitational or inertial. According to the general theory of relativity the ‘observer mass’ is unable to make distinction whether the experienced force is of ‘inertial’ or ‘gravitational’ origin. At the same time, the inertial mass changes its value according to its relative velocity to the observer, while the gravitational mass does not. Thus the ‘observer mass’ in different reference frames will experience different inertial forces originating from the ‘observed mass’.

Something similar distinction can be made between the Coulomb charges and the Lorentz-type (current) charges. They are sources of the Coulomb force and the Lorentz force, respectively, and similar to the two types of masses, originate from the scalar potential and from the vector potential of the Hamiltonian of the charged object, respectively.

The two types of masses and the two types of electric charges are called isotopic field-charge pairs, respectively. They are subject of the same gauge invariance. As such, they can exchange their roles (switch into each other) by the exchange of a gauge boson (in addition to the graviton and the photon, respectively), called delta bosons in the theory. As a consequence of the additional invariance and the corresponding additional mediating gauge boson, the respective systems of the two interacting isotopic field-charges (masses or electric charges) are not subjects of the Lorentz invariance alone. They are subjects of a convolution of the Lorentz- and this additional invariance. One can conclude two things.

First, along with the development of physics, there is no more enough to demand invariance under the Lorentz transformation. At extended conditions, one should demand the invariance under a combination of the Lorentz invariance and an additional invariance. In short, we demand invariance under (the applicable) transformations.

Secondly, when two charges (let they be either gravitational, electric, or other field-charges) interact, they make a distinction between each other. The system, composed of the interacting two field-charges, follow the Pauli principle. That means, the two interacting field-charges must be in different quantum states. Since this state in which they differ cannot be characterized by any of the earlier known properties, it must be a characteristic of the newly introduced property. It must be one of the two stable positions of the isotopic field-charge that are rotated into each other by the SU(2) symmetry group in the isotopic field-charge field. These two stable positions are called, by an analogically given name, the isotopic field-charge spin (not identical either with the angular momentum spin or the isotopic spin). According to its proven invariance, the isotopic field-charge spin is a conserved property. When two field-charges interact, they must be in the opposite isotopic field-charge spin states. The information that they exchange about each other is about this state: they check whether the partner is in the opposite state. Otherwise they are ‘not allowed’ to interact (Pauli’s exclusion principle). The information exchange takes place by the exchange of a delta boson (called also dion) between them, in addition to the exchange of the traditional mediating bosons (like graviton, photon, weak charged and neutral bosons, or gluons). That delta boson switches the emitting charge from inertial to potential state, and the absorbing charge from potential to inertial state.

Conclusions

The asymmetry of the interacting charges has been explained. It was subject of information exchange between the interacting particle partners. In order to meet the Pauli principle, physical objects should exchange information about the (opposite) states of each other before getting into active interaction. The explanation led to the loss of an invariance property. However, this loss has been restored by introducing a new physical property (isotopic field-charge spin), by proving its conservation, and completing the Lorentz invariance with the respective invariance attributed to the newly proven conservation.

References

1. Bethe, H., Fermi, E., Über die Wechselwirkung von zwei elektronen, Zeitschrift für Physik, 77 (1932), 5-6, 296-306.
2. Darvas, G., The Isotopic Field Charge Spin Assumption, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 50 (2011), 10, 2961-2991.DOI: 10.1007/s10773-011-0796-9
3. Darvas, G., The Isotopic Field-Charge Assumption Applied to the Electromagnetic Interaction, Int J Theor Phys, 52 (2013a), 11, 3853-3869, DOI 10.1007/s10773-013-1693-1.
4. Darvas, G., A symmetric adventure beyond the Standard Model – Isotopic field-charge spin conservation in the electromagnetic interaction, Symmetry: Culture and Science, 24 (2013b), 1-4, 17-40.
5. Darvas, G., Electromagnetic Interaction in the Presence of Isotopic Field-Charges and a Kinetic Field, Int J Theor Phys, 53 (2014), 1, 39-51, DOI 10.1007/s10773-013-1781-2.
6. Einstein, A., Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik, 17:891 (1905); English translation: On the electrodynamics of moving bodies, in: The Principle of Relativity, (1923), London: Methuen and Co.
7. Møller, C., Über den Stoß zweier Teilchen unter Berücksichtigung der Retardation der Kräfte, Zeitschrift für Physik, 70 (1931), 11-12, 786-795.
8. Noether, E. A., Invariante Variationsprobleme, Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen: Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse, (1918) 235-257.
9. Wigner, E.P. , Events, laws of nature and invariance principles, pp. 38-50, in: Wigner, Symmetries and Reflections, Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1967).

Introduction

The organisation of life into the public/private nexus has long been a site of contestation for feminism. In the highly politicised culture of the 1960s and 1970s, second-wave feminists argued that the public/private nexus was repressive in nature and function because the purportedly ‘natural’ assignment of women to the private realm represented their exclusion from social and political life (Rossler, 2005), thus rendering them publically invisible and depriving women of their civil liberties. Feminists then, fought to dismantle this gendered catergorisation via twofold grounds. First, they sought to increase the visibility of women in public life, and secondly, sought to politicise ‘the personal’ by arguing that the self of the private realm had its roots in wider social, political and economic contexts, and was ultimately organised in, and regulated by, the public sphere. By carrying the slogan ‘the personal is the political’, feminists expanded the boundaries of contestation beyond socioeconomic distribution, to include housework, sexuality and reproduction. Consequently, ‘the problem with no name’, which was previously characterised as isolated and individual, was now recognised as a social-systemic struggle—predicating a collective identity for women as women (Ang, 2001) and enabling a politicised interpretation of needs to enter public discourse and the agenda of the welfare-state (Fraser, 2013). While this paradigmatic change in the meaning of ‘political’ promised to invoke a gender-sensitive revision of democracy and justice (Markus, 1995), it is my thesis that this political imaginary has been grossly distorted some fifty years later through its appropriation by contemporary feminism.

By examining in some detail the discursive registers of Everyday Sexism^[1], an online feminist campaign that puts forth the claim of systemic sexism by cataloguing personal life narratives from women across the globe, I argue that contemporary feminism is engaged in a dangerous double entanglement with the highly individualised idiom of therapy culture. Dovetailed with ascending neoliberalism, this liaison threatens to depoliticise the political, and undo the doings of second-wave feminism.

Discussion

Today, in a digitally mediated world, the partition between the public/private is arguably dissolved as technologies such as the mobile phone invoke an “intersection of worlds” (Schegloff, 2002, p. 286) and as the public sphere becomes saturated with the exposure of private life (Burkart, 2010). Through the widespread publicising of private matters via acts of confession, a therapeutic sensibility premised on emotionalisation has become one of the dominant ways in which actors express, shape and understand themselves and society (Furedi, 2004; Illouz, 2007). This is evidenced in a plethora of social and cultural sites, for example, in social media (i.e. Facebook’s ‘What’s on your mind?’), Internet dating, reality TV, celebrity ‘tell all’ interviews, and the growing corpus of self-help and autobiographical literature.

The blurring of the public and the private and the emotional turn is a manifestation of, and tribute to, therapy culture (Furedi, 2004; McGee, 2005; Ouelette and Hay, 2008). Therapy culture is marked by the spill of the therapeutic ethos from clinical spaces, in which it emanated, into wider cultural structures, institutions and vernaculars. At the crux of the therapeutic ethos is the belief that “the psychological self, as opposed to the physical or social self or the wider society, is the source of its problems and the main resource for providing potential solutions to these problems” (Swan, 2008, p. 88). As a large body of literature has noted, a key feature of therapy culture is its neoliberal rationality in which “citizen-subjects” (Ouelette and Hay, 2008) are trained to see themselves as “individualized” (Larner, 200, p. 13) and responsible for their own well-being and well-doing (Hazleden 2010). Therapy culture then, predicates the formation of new political subjectivities and forms of selfhood.

Feminism and therapy culture

Everyday Sexism, the hugely popular feminist website^[2] rolled out to 17 countries within the first year of its inception, is representative of a larger cultural shift whereby contemporary feminism has not managed to secure immunity from the influences of therapy culture. Rather, the two are engaged in a “double entanglement” (McRobbie, 2004).

On one hand, the affective makeup of Everyday Sexism—the fact that it relies on therapeutic techniques of confession and emotionalism as the basis of its activism, appears to foster the politicisation of the personal by creating discursive spaces for women’s personal pains to gain legitimacy in the public sphere. This invokes Lauren Berlant’s notion of “intimate publics” (1997) whereby individuals form community through mutual affective ties, in this case, a collective suffering through sexism. The 80,000 testimonials collected by the campaign worldwide have indisputably contributed to the resurgence of public discussion and social self-reflexivity about sexism. Further, since political participation is enacted through the medium of talk (Fraser, 1995), Everyday Sexism mobilises participation by volunteering a feminist vocabulary to its actors, which, as Maria Markus has noted, is a necessary tool for participation in public discourse (Markus, 1995).

At the same time that therapy culture mobilises these opportunities for feminism and the feminist subject, a problematic co-existence of challenges also exist. The emphasis on individualised anecdotes and experiences in Everyday Sexism catalyse a rhetorical reframing of sexism that is personalised and isolated rather than thematic and systematic. This mobillises a feminist subject that translates sexism from a structural problem to an individual affair and cultivates an imperviousness to the role of social, cultural and economic forces in producing inequalities, therefore espousing the therapeutic rationality which renders the life of the individual as a private matter. Consequently, this results in Everyday Sexism’s feminist collective being fragmented into a sum aggregation of atomised, autonomous and self-governing persons (Rimke, 2000), which sit in contraposition to feminist precepts of solidarity and collectivity.

Should contemporary feminism continue its dangerous flirtations with the individual idiom of therapy culture, it will mobilise a world where the individual once again becomes the site to which societal problems are raised and where it will be perceived they need to be resolved, thus depoliticising the political, and threatening to undo the victories of second-wave feminism.

Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges the intellectual support and guidance of Associate Professor Pauline Johnson.

References

Ang, I 2001, On not speaking Chinese: living between Asia and the West. Routledge, London & New York.

Berlant, L 1997, The queen of America goes to Washington city: essays on sex and citizenship. Duke University Press Books, Durham.

Burkart, G 2010, ‘When privacy goes public: new media and the transformation of the culture of confession’, in H Blatterer et al. (eds), Modern privacy: shifting boundaries, new forms, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 23-38.

Brown, W 2005, ‘Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy’, Theory & Event, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37-59.

Cloud, D 1998, Control and consolation in American culture and politics. Sage, London.

Fraser, N 2013, Fortunes of feminism: from state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Verso, London & New York.

Furedi, F 2014, Therapy culture: cultivating vulnerability in an uncertain age. Routledge, London & New York.

Hazleden, R 2010, ‘“You have to learn these lessons sometime”: persuasion and therapeutic power relations in bestselling relationship manuals’, Continuum, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 291-305.

Illouz, E 2007, Cold intimacies: the making of emotional capitalism. Polity, Cambridge.

Larner, W 2000, ‘Neo-liberalism: policy, ideology, governmentality’, Studies in Political Economy, vol. 63, pp. 5-25.

Markus, M 1995, ‘Civil society and the politisation of needs’, in K Gavroglu et al. (eds) Science, politics and social practice: essays on Marxism and science, philosophy of culture and the social sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston & London, pp. 161-179.

McRobbie, A 2004, ‘Postfeminism and popular culture’, Feminist Media Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 255-264.

Negra, D 2014, Claiming feminism: commentary, autobiography and advice literature for women in the recession, Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 275-286.

Rimke, HM 2000, Governing citizens through self-help literature, Cultural Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 61-78.

Rossler, B 2005, The value of privacy. Polity, Cambridge.

Rottenberg, C 2014, ‘The rise of neoliberal feminism’, Cultural Studies, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 418-437.

Schegloff, EA 2002, ‘Beginnings in the telephone’, in JE Katz & MA Aakus (eds) Perpetual contact: mobile communication, private talk, public performance, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284-300.

Swan, E 2008, ‘You make me feel like a woman’: therapeutic cultures and the contagion of femininity, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 88-107.

^[1] Everyday Sexism was established in April 2012 by a 25-year-old English woman named Laura Bates. To date, Everyday Sexism has accrued 80,000 testimonials of sexism worldwide.

^[2] While Everyday Sexism began as a website-based campaign, it has, as campaigns do in digital media cultures, expanded onto various social media platforms. Everyday Sexism was also published into book form in 2014.

Introduction

The problem of biospherical compatibility of cities is being studied in Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Science during the last decade. This problem is discussed in the paper from both civilizational and philosophical points of view.

Method of comparing the duration of survival of civilization , with its attitude towards the natural environment.

According to the investigations of Kuzik and Yakovetz [1] about 25 civilizations existed during the last 5 thousand years, for example Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Roma and many others. But only two of them are vivid up today at the same place with the same ethnos- they are India and China which are the symbols of Eastern civilizations.

These great countries consider Nature as the God, of course in different manners. The very powerful imperator in China was only the Son of Heaven. Gods in India represented some visible part of surrounding space from local territory up to cosmos. By the way, Indian Sanskrit is very close to Russian language, and some Sanskrit’s Gods have practically the same names as ancient Slavic Gods before the Christian age.

So, people and authority of China and India consider priority of Nature before humankind, hence people should serve Nature.

People in the West believe that they can use and reorganize Nature, because Nature is created for mankind’s needs. People in the West are extraverted, they try first to understand the World and then, they try to comprehend themselves. People in the East are introverted and they try first to grasp themselves and then, they try to understand the world.

Both civilizations know all about the World and Humankind but their knowledge are quite different and theirs ways of learning are just opposite.

Last half of the century western scientists [2] spoke more and more about ecological problems, sustainable development and so on.

We also started our investigation with the fact that the Nature created a human being, hence people are the element of Nature and they have to serve their Mother. Following to I. A. Malmigin we made the next step, we supposed that the Biosphere is a vivid creature, which mankind may have conversations with. This assumptions has no practical influence at the moment, but nevertheless it is very important for future.

Results and Discussion

Combining modern knowledge and some ideas of both civilizations we worked out the paradigm of biospherical compatibility of cities which would develop people. The result is a matrix with 3x3 elements presented in [3].

1. Symbiosis of cities and the Nature, According of Consciousness;
2. Comparison of external (exploitation of resources, waste disposal) and internal (human potential) aspects of city life;
3. Humanitarian Balance of Biosphere, i.e. threefold balances of population, places for satisfying the needs of the population, Life Potential of Biosphere;
4. Legislature fixation of Humanitarian Balance of Biotechnosphere or a phased transition towards this balance: earth, water, air, energy and social criteria;
5. Knowledge as a basis for city management: professionalism, intelligence, information, suggestions on development, elimination of factors, hindering development. Result: Program of transformation of pathology into resource of development;
6. Comparison of planned environmental factors and level of human development with the reality;
7. Functions of a city which satisfy human needs: livelihood, entertainment, authorities, charity, education, creation, connection with the Nature;
8. Reliability “Constitution” of the city and other laws, traditions of an ethnic groups, councils of elders, Social union, etc. Result, control, balance, efficiency;
9. Cognition as a basis for policy, power structures, interactions of all with all, the holidays, style of the city.

All elements are known, but here is the system, hierarchy of subjects and each element may be calculated in one or another way. So, life of city may be presented numerically. According to the author’s opinion the main result of such approach will be possibility to predict in volume what happened if one or other ruling decision to realize, reaching the global aim- biospherically compatible city, developing people. Compatible means preventing ecological disasters for centuries. Summarized results of calculations on several cities in Russia presented in the book [4].

Conclusions

This approach may lead to many unusual consequences and for example there is pair of them.

People can’t produce water, sand, air, oil, etc. All these resources are produced by Earth, and Earth is owner of then. People should buy these raw materials from the producer and owner. What is the price? According to the theory of Adam Smith the price should be sufficient for the reproduction of this materials.

To whom to pay? If we involve natural materials into economy of humanity as resources then it is necessary to recognize the Earth as a legal entity. The representative of it would be the Government of the country and Government will spend money for treatment of Nature.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Science for the statement of the theme and the opportunity to conduct research.

References and Notes

1. Kuzik B.N., Yakovetz Yu.V. Civilizations: theory, history, dialog, future. Moscow. Institute of economic strategy, 2006
2. D.H. Meadows, J. Randers, D.L. Meadows. Limits to Growth. The 30-years Update. Chealsea Green Publishing Company. White River Junction. Vermont, 2004.
3. V.A. Ilychev, The guidelines for creating a new city structure which would be compatible with the Biosphere and make for the development of man. Ӧsterreichishe Ingenieur- und Architekten-Zeitschrift, 157. Jahrgang Heft 1-6/2012.
4. Principles of transforming of cities into biospherical compatible and developing man. V.A. Ilyichev, S.G. Emelyanov, V.I. Kolchunov, V.A. Gordon, N.V. Bakaeva. Scientific issuu, - Moscow, Publishing House ASV, 2015-184 p.

Immigration and settling down in a new society can be one of the most dynamic and complex processes in an individual’s life. Personal and cultural changes are enmeshed in continuous processes of discovery, upheaval and crisis. [1]With the advancement of urbanization, a lot of migrant children followed their parents to enter the city society in China. [2]Eventually, they became a group of stranger in the rural-urban fringe.The report of national urban migrant children in China issued in 2013 showed the number of migrant children increased rapidly, reaching the the scale of 35.81 million. [3]

The migrant situation in contemporary China is directly linked to two historical phenomena: the recent opening of the Chinese economy to market-style reforms, and long-term constraints on population mobility and the distribution of state-sponsored goods and services through a system of residence permits called the hukou system.[4]

Geographical migration not only cut off the geopolitical, kinship ties of the migrant children to some extent, but also broke the individual's social network of relationships. This kind of fracture has a certain effect on childhood development and the children’s future social interaction.

From the psychological perspective, migrant children are in a critical period of development in social interaction. [5]They are in an urgent need to find new ways to complete the reconstruction of the network of relationships. The motivation of the children to develop social network is more related to spontaneous demands of psychological or cultural aspects, rather than utilitarian purpose of the adults. Thus, how to find a way to build their social network and then accumulate enough social capital in the city has become an important issue of the social integration of the group.

Quantitative questionnaire survey and semi-structured, in-depth interview conducted with migrant children were the primary research methods adopted in this study.The sampling survey, was mainly conducted in primary and secondary schools. The whole process is divided into two rounds. The first round of the survey was conducted from November 2009 to March 2010, the research mainly concentrated in Nanjing. The second round of the survey was conducted from June 2013 to January 2014, the research hold in Nanjing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. A total of 2396 questionnaires were returned ,with 2268 valid, including 1537 migrant children and 731 urban children as the reference sample.Male ratio was 52.8%, the proportion of girls was 47.2%, from the ages of nine to fourteen. Given the reality, the situation of migrant children's education is divided into two different categories, one is enrolled in some special schools for migrant children, one is enrolled in some urban school on a temporary basis. The former is a typical "homogeneous" combination of education situation, the latter is a typical "heterogeneous" combination of education contexts. In those school environment, life often exhibit different characteristics to the migrant children.[6] To make a reasonable interpretation for the real living conditions of migrant children, the study took these two types of students into account in the sample.The migrant children interviewed in the semi-structured, in-depth interview part represent different profiles of the population. The snowball method applied in selecting the sample sought to attain a balance according to three primary variables: length of residence in the city, gender and age.

The analysis of the findings is presented in four sections:

1. The findings revealed that the internet was one of the favorite media for migrant children, although most of them began to use it only after immigration to the city.
2. The migrant children use the Internet to achieve the re-aggregation of strong relationship network. The study showed that 28.4 percent of migrant children usually can not meet and chat with their friends face to face. Most of the migrant children "usually communicate with friends via online chat tools ". QQ chat tool is the main one they chose to usel. Among the migrant children’s online chat list, classmates, fellow-villagers, relatives accounted for a large proportion. Internet provided the homogeneous groups a virtual platform to get together and share feelings. This link is not blurred, but the strengthening of the reality ties.
3. The internet has become an important channel for the migrant children to expand the weak ties[7] of social network,though the expansion of weak ties based on internet is difficult to turn virtual into the real. The migrant children’ s enthusiasm of using the internet to expand their social circle had some relation with their age and the real amount of peer interaction channels. Interviews showed that migrant children’s exchanges with the network of weak ties mainly focused on aspects of sharing of information, such as the information of schools, certain events, as well as the views of some pop stars. But it’s still pretty hard for the web-based weak ties to expand into the real level interaction. Network pseudonym made contacts and relations between anonymous individuals fragile. It is difficult to develop to further practical level. And once the expansion of weak ties got frustrated, migrant children tend to be more retreated into their homogeneous groups.
4. Migrant children enjoyed alternative exchanges in the participation of some online role-playing-games. [8]Migrant boys prefered games of conquer type, accumulating communicative capital between peers in obtaining alternative interactive experience[9]; though the girls prefer online virtual communities games, having fun from the integration of the dreamy community. However, the compensation got from online games is apt to make the group more addicted to the internet.

In summary, the new media weaved a reconstructive field of public communication networks for the migrant children. Here, the individual could expand the scope of social interaction to some extend, getting reach to the circle of urban people which is far away from them in reality. But after all, since the online media contact is virtual, getting too immersed into it is no good for the healthy development of the children. Media’s funtion in remodeling the migrant children is noteworthy. And the social problems cencerning the media behavior of the migrant children is worth further studying.

References

1. Nelly Elias and Dafna Lemish (2008).Media Uses in Immigrant Families: Torn between 'Inward' and 'Outward' Paths of Integration. International Communication Gazette, 70, 21
2. Zhang,Li Zhong (2007). Social integration of migrant children in the city and its countermeasures. South China Rural Area, 2,44-47.
3. Li,Haixiu(2013).“migrant childre more than 35 million”，Guang Ming Daily，2013.5.16
4. Woronov,T.E..In the Eye of the Chicken: Hierarchy and marginality among Beijing’smigrant schoolchildren.Ethnography,2004（5）:289-313
5. Lin, Chongde (2008).Developmental psychology. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Publishing House.
6. Ma, Liang (2007). Analysis on the interactive process between the migrating children compulsory education policy and the reality. In Gu,Xuebin,Ruan Zengyuanqi (ed.), Practice-based Chinese local social work research. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
7. Mark S. Granovetter(1973).The Strength of Weak Ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78（6）：1360-1380.
8. Yang, Yinjuan (2009) An Empirical Study on the Intrinsic Motivation of Children's Participation in Mole Online Game. Journal of International Communication, 12, 99-104.
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