A Method for Smoothly Disengaging the Load-Holding Valves of Energy-Efficient Electro-Hydraulic Systems

: A novel self-contained, electro-hydraulic cylinder drive capable of passive load-holding, four-quadrant operations, and energy recovery was presented recently and implemented successfully. This solution greatly improved energy efficiency and motion control in comparison to the state-of-the-art, valve-controlled systems typically used in mobile and offshore applications. The passive load-holding function was realized by two pilot-operated check valves placed on the cylinder ports, where their pilot pressure was selected by a dedicated on/off electrovalve. These valves can maintain the actuator position without consuming energy, as demonstrated on a single-boom crane. However, a reduced drop of about 1 mm was observed in the actuator position when the load-holding valves were disengaged to enable the piston motion using closed-loop position control. Such a sudden variation in the piston position that was triggered by switching the load-holding valves could increase up to 4 mm when open-loop position control was chosen. For these reasons, this research paper proposes an improved control strategy for disengaging the passive load-holding functionality smoothly (i.e., by removing this unwanted drop of the piston). A two-step pressure control strategy is used to build up pressure before disengaging the pilot-operated check valves. The proposed experimental validation of this method eliminates the piston position’s drop highlighted before and improves motion control when operating the crane in open-loop position control. These outcomes benefit those systems where the kinematics amplify the piston motion significantly (e.g., in aerial platforms) increasing, therefore, operational safety.


Introduction
Hydraulic cylinders are commonplace in many fields of industry due to their high-force capability. Valve-controlled systems normally drive these actuators using multiple architectures [1]. The ongoing interest in energy savings and plug-and-play installation is making valveless, selfcontained solutions an alternative technology. Removing the fluid throttling in control valves improves the energy efficiency greatly [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Proposing self-sufficient, electro-hydraulic assemblies with a sealed reservoir, arranged in closed-circuit configuration, and with a wired connection to the electric grid facilitates the commissioning enormously. Solutions with a single positive-displacement pump/motor [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and alternatives with two units were investigated [7,[16][17][18]. These different versions were mainly proposed to manage the differential flow dictated by asymmetric cylinders, that can be compensated in multiple ways [19]. However, only a very few solutions specifically address load-holding capability [13][14][15]17,18]. In these throttleless architectures, energy can be recovered in the case of overrunning loads so that there is only the need for passive load-holding (i.e., maintaining a given piston position without consuming any power). This research paper focuses on the system layout presented in [14], where a reduced drop in the actuator position was observed when the load-holding valves (LHVs) are disengaged to enable piston motion. For this reason, an improved control strategy for smoothly disengaging the passive load-holding functionality is investigated.

Materials and Methods
An experimental test-bed of a self-contained, electro-hydraulic cylinder with passive loadholding capability was recently built at the University of Agder to drive a single-boom crane. Figure  1 depicts the simplified schematic of this system and its implementation. More details about the components and the system functioning are given in [14,20].

Problem Statement
The control element of this electro-hydraulic system is an electric motor (EM). Its speed (nEM) is commanded to control the piston position (x) by adjusting the flow rate of the hydraulic unit (P). Such an input signal (uEM) is typically generated in two alternative ways with respect to x: (1) In open-loop (the system operator defines uEM directly, for instance using a joystick).
(2) In closed-loop (an algorithm calculates uEM to track the commanded piston position based on the measured position error).
Enabling the motion of the actuator requires disengaging the load-holding valves. A reduced drop of about 1.2 mm was observed in the actuator position during this operation with closed-loop position control [21]. Such a negligible position variation is amplified when the system is operated in open-loop and might become undesired. So, this paper only considers operations in open-loop position control where uEM is obtained by using velocity feedforward (this aspect will be clarified later). The working cycle that was chosen concerned lifting the crane against a resistant load and then lowering it with an overrunning load. Knowing the desired motion (Figure 2a This position drop is dictated by both the dynamics of the electric motor and the difference existing between the pressures in the actuator's piston-side chamber (p3) and in the pump's pistonside (p1). In fact, the motor speed remained very low when the position drops took place (Figure 2g,h). The load-carrying pressure (p3) decreased (Figure 2i,j) because the initial value of the pump pressure (p1) was equal to the accumulator pressure due to the leakages in the hydraulic unit.

Improved Motion Control Strategy
The feature proposed in this paper modifies the original control strategy, as detailed in [21], to avoid the drop mentioned above in the piston position when the LHVs are disengaged. This modification of the control algorithm takes place during the transition of the LHVs from closed to open state. The idea behind this process can be described according to the following steps:

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Step 1. Right before opening the LHVs, the electric motor is controlled to build up the pump pressure on the piston-side (p1) to be equal to the actuator pressure (p3) (i.e., closed-loop pressure control is applied). Note that now the electrovalve (EV) is not energized, so the LHVs' opening pilot (p7) remains very low and equal to the accumulator pressure (p5).

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Step 2. When the pressure difference between p3 and p1 (ePC,1) becomes smaller than a predefined threshold, the EV is energized, and the objective of the closed-loop pressure control is now compensating for the pressure difference between p3 and p7 (i.e., the EM is adjusting its speed based on the error ePC,2 = p3 − p7).
The control structure with the new pressure control (PC) function is illustrated in Figure 3. It generates the commanded electric motor's speed (nEM) by using the feedforward signal (uFF) that involves the commanded piston velocity (e.g., vRef can be obtained from the joystick command), the bore-side area of the actuator (A), and the displacement of the hydraulic unit (D): As pointed out in [21], pressure feedback can also be included to add artificial damping and increase motion performance, especially in closed-loop position control. However, to clearly show the proposed pressure control strategy's effect, only open-loop control without pressure feedback is presented in this paper.
Additionally, the controller PC only considers two-quadrant operations to meet the functioning dictated by the crane (i.e., the load-carrying chamber is always located on the piston-side). However, the pressure control can be expanded to also deal with high-pressure on the rod-side in case fourquadrant functioning is needed.
The pressure control signals (i.e., uPC, uPC,1 and uPC,2) are limited to a maximum of 1000 rpm.

Results and Discussion
The proposed solution to smoothly disengage the load-holding valves with open-loop position control has been experimentally tested with the working cycle presented before (Figure 2a,b). The results were compared to the original measurements in Figure 4 focusing on the initial stage of the piston extension and retraction right after releasing the load-holding valves. Due to the action of the pressure control, the commands to disengage the LHVs were slightly postponed compared to the original scenario (Figure 4a,b) in order to build up the pump side pressure ( ) to be equal to the actuator pressure ( ), i.e., pressure control step 1 (S1). Since S1 was not enough to eliminate the drop in the piston position (i.e., a 0.7 mm drop still occurred), a second control step (S2) was added to make sure that the EM was actively controlled when the opening of the LHVs took place. Thus, the LHVs were disengaged smoothly and the drop in the piston position was eliminated (Figure 4c at about 1.14 s and Figure

Conclusions
This paper proposed and experimentally validated a method to smoothly disengage the loadholding valves of a self-contained electro-hydraulic cylinder driving a single-boom crane. The approach involves pressure control and eliminates the piston position's drop that takes place right after energizing the load-holding valves (drops up to 4 mm were observed). These outcomes benefit those systems where the kinematics amplify the piston motion significantly (e.g., in aerial platforms) increasing, therefore, the operational safety. Motion control in open-loop was considered in this research. However, future work will address the disengagement of the load-holding valves smoothly when closed-loop position control is required.