Agave salmiana is a plant of great economic and cultural value in Mexico, whose interaction with the insect chinicuil (Comadia redtenbacheri), a phytophagous species that develops in its root system, represents a key example of the plant–insect relationship. The objective of this study was to identify and relate the bioactive compounds present in both A. salmiana and the chinicuil to better understand this interaction. Samples were collected from A. salmiana free of chinicuil (RSC) and infected by chinicuil (RIC), as well as chinicuils from the infected agave. Both materials were dried, pulverized, and subjected to hydroethanolic extraction (70:30) at a 1:10 w/v ratio. Subsequently, phytochemical screening was performed on the roots and entomochemical screening on the chinicuil. Total polyphenols were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method (GAE mg/g), flavonoids with the AlCl3 method (QE mg/g), and tannins with the Vanillin–HCl method (CE mg/g), followed by statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

The results showed that RIC presented a greater diversity and concentration of compounds compared to RSC, including flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, glycosides, quinones, and coumarins, with up to a fourfold increase in polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content. This behavior could be attributed to the plant’s activation of metabolite production as an induced defense response to the biotic stress caused by the chinicuil. In contrast, the chinicuil extract showed significant concentrations of polyphenols (14.801 ± 0.310 mg/g), tannins (53.574 ± 0.131 mg/g), and flavonoids (21.600 ± 0.086 mg/g), though lower than in RIC. The screening revealed that the insect performs a selective uptake of metabolites, with low compound accumulation, indicating a detoxification mechanism that allows it to exploit the plant’s metabolites without suffering adverse effects. These findings confirm a close biotic relationship, providing valuable insights for the development of functional foods and sustainable agricultural strategies based on ecological interactions.

Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation in India remains highly seasonal, with farmers facing yield losses and quality decline in warmer months. To address these limitations, we evaluated Mushroom Kothi, a low-cost IoT-enabled cultivation chamber, across three agro-climatic zones and multiple growing seasons. The system integrates temperature, humidity, and CO₂ sensors with automated misting and ventilation, ensuring a stable microclimate independent of external fluctuations. Comparative trials between Mushroom Kothi units and farmer-managed controls (n = 30 per season) revealed that the device extended productive cultivation by up to two additional months beyond the conventional season. Yield improvements averaged 20%, with water-use efficiency gains of 35–40% and crop loss reduction of nearly one-third. Post-harvest shelf life improved by 1–2 days due to reduced disease incidence and more uniform fruiting. Beyond production, operational data showed fewer manual interventions and lower labor time, confirming usability for smallholders with limited resources. Resource-use metrics (liters of water and watt-hours per kilogram yield) confirmed the significantly higher efficiency in Mushroom Kothi systems, supporting sustainable intensification goals. These results highlight the potential of digitally assisted chambers to provide stable year-round income, reduce environmental footprint, and strengthen smallholder resilience. Future research will extend the trials to additional regions and test integration with renewable energy to further improve sustainability.

In the context of sustainable viticulture and circular bioeconomy, this study investigated the valorization potential of vineyard pruning by-products (leaves), gathered during two seasonal defoliation events across eight Vitis vinifera varieties (Vinhão, Touriga Nacional, Padeiro de Basto, Alvarinho, Sauvignon Blanc, Loureiro, Moscatel Galigo Branco, and Arinto). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different defoliation timings (May and June, respectively) on the polyphenolic composition in hydroalcoholic extracts from dried leaves. Identification and quantification of catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, ellagic, and 3-O-methylellagic acid (3-MEA) were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet multi-diode detector (DAD). Based on the results obtained, it was determined that 50% ethanol solution resulted in a higher content of phenolic compounds for vine leaves in second defoliation. Early defoliation influenced the phenolic composition of leaves by promoting the accumulation of gallic acid and catechin, while the content of quercetin and 3-MEA was higher in second defoliation. Catechin was the most abundant polyphenol identified in the stems, ranging from 32.0 to 345 mg/100 g in the first defoliation and from 24.6 to 309 mg/100 g in the second defoliation. Higher contents of quercetin were obtained in leaf extracts collected from second harvest, particularly in the Vinhão variety (53 mg/100g). Thus, the contents of 3-MEA, an ellagic acid derivative and a prospective medication for cancer treatment, were found exclusively in leaves collected during the second defoliation, revealing significant differences between cultivars. As a result, these findings allow the optimization of bioactive extraction from vineyard waste for use in functional ingredients, so contributing to a more environmentally friendly and waste-reducing food system. Valorization of this pruning waste presents a possible alternative to disposal, in line with sustainable and health-promoting food innovation goals and enhancing a circular economy.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), as an allogamous and entomophilous species, plays a dual role in agroecosystems: it serves as a host that supports diverse insect populations, including pests, while simultaneously providing essential resources that sustain pollinators and natural enemies. Understanding this balance is key factor for sustainable crop management. This study was conducted in Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico, to analyze the population dynamics of diurnal insect visitors to sunflower. Over a 79-day monitoring period, 2986 individuals from 20 species were recorded. Hemiptera was the most abundant order, dominated by Aphididae (>1600 individuals), alongside other significant pests such as Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Importantly, sunflower also attracted a wide range of beneficial insects. The most frequent natural enemies were Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a key predator of aphids, while Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) represented the dominant pollinator species. Population peaks occurred mainly in September, coinciding with favorable environmental conditions and the onset of flowering, which enhanced both pest and beneficial insect activity. These results highlight sunflower’s ecological importance not only as a host of major pest species but also as a critical reservoir for pollinators and natural enemies. Recognizing this dual function is fundamental for integrated pest management strategies that seek to reduce pesticide use and strengthen ecosystem services in sunflower-based systems.

Maize hybrid selection depends on several traits, including cob parameters. Hybrids respond differently to agronomic inputs, namely irrigation and fertilisation. Our study was conducted at Látókép Crop Production Experimental Site, University of Debrecen, Hungary, in 2023. The evaluation of the interaction effect of foliar fertilisation and precision drip irrigation on cob diameter, cob length, cob weight, and number of rows per cob in four maize hybrids (FAO390, FAO420, FAO430, FAO490) was performed under a randomised split-plot field experiment. Foliar fertiliser was applied at the 8^th leaf stage when the plant's leaves had fully developed with enough leaf surface area to absorb nutrients such as nitrogen (10 g/L), zinc (8 g/L), K₂O (8.5 g/L), P₂O₅ (0.83 g/L), and sulphur (8.93 g/L). Surface drip irrigation lines fixed at each row delivered 3 litres of water per hour, managed by the HydraWise app. Data were analysed by ANOVA using Genstat (18^th edition) software. Cob diameter and cob weight had significant differences (p < 0.01) between hybrids. FAO430 recorded the largest cob diameter (52.8 mm) and cob weight (31.5 g). Thus, the least performing hybrid, FAO420, exhibited a 10–15% difference, with a cob diameter of 47.9 mm and a cob weight of 23.7 g. Both cob length and number of rows per cob showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among hybrids. FAO390 had a longer cob (19.7 cm) compared to FAO430 (18.4 cm). Irrigation had a significant effect on cob length (p < 0.001) and cob diameter (p < 0.05). Irrigated cobs had a 7.8% (cob length) and 2.1% (cob diameter) difference compared to non-irrigated cobs. Foliar fertilisation alone increased mean cob weight by 7% but no statistical significance across all traits. The interaction between foliar fertilisation and precision drip irrigation showed a positive effect on cob diameter (p < 0.001) and cob weight (p < 0.05) across all hybrids. Combined input application enhanced yield components compared to single-factor effects. Therefore, the interaction among hybrid type, precision drip irrigation, and foliar fertilisation has a profound effect on cob-related yield components.

The excessive and indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers over the years has resulted in soil degradation, nutrient imbalances, and a gradual decline in overall soil health, which in turn has negatively impacted crop productivity and sustainability. To overcome these challenges, the integration of organic nutrient sources such as vermicompost and farmyard manure (FYM) with chemical fertilizers has been identified as a viable and eco-friendly strategy to restore soil fertility, improve nutrient use efficiency, and sustain agricultural productivity. Vermicomposting originated in the mid-20th century as a sustainable method of organic waste management, utilizing earthworms to convert biodegradable materials into nutrient-rich compost. It gained prominence in countries like the USA and India for improving soil fertility and crop productivity. A field experiment was carried out during the late Rabi season of 2024–25 at the Instructional Farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. The field trial consisted of eleven treatments comprising various combinations of inorganic fertilizers with vermicompost and FYM under an integrated nutrient management in the cultivation of pigeon pea. The findings revealed that the application of 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) supplemented with 25% nitrogen equivalent through vermicompost substantially enhanced plant growth attributes, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, and haulm production compared to the sole application of fertilizers. In terms of economics, the highest net gain and additional cost were achieved with full RDF integrated with FYM, whereas the combination of 75% RDF with vermicompost resulted in higher gross and added returns. These results clearly demonstrate that INM practices not only boost productivity and profitability but also play a crucial role in maintaining long-term soil health and sustainability in crop production systems.

Macro- and microelements, together with trace elements, are essential components of human nutrition. The chemical composition of cereals and soybean can vary depending on geographical origin and cultivation system. This study evaluated the estimated theoretical daily intake (%RDI) of selected macroelements through consumption of 100 g of organic and conventional maize, soybean, and spelt grains. Seed samples were grown and collected at three locations in 2017 year: 1) Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje (Belgrade): organic and conventional maize (Rumenka hybrid) and organic spelt (Nirvana hybrid); 2) Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad: organic and conventional soybean (Kaća hybrid); and 3) Nova Varoš: conventional spelt. Determination of macroelements was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Concentrations were expressed in µg/g and converted to mg/100 g, and contributions were made to recommended daily intake (RDI). Soybean showed the highest nutritional potential, particularly in Ca (up to 20% RDI), Mg (≈47% RDI), K (≈32% RDI), and S (over 200% RDI). Both soybean and spelt were rich in Fe and Mn, with conventional soybean contributing more than 40% RDI of Fe and spelt exceeding 200% RDI of Mn. Spelt was also a relevant source of Zn, providing more than 200% RDI per 100 g. In contrast, maize generally contributed lower percentages of daily requirements, although it was a notable source of Mg (≈30% RDI) and Zn (≈160–185% RDI). Na content in all grains was very low (<0.5% RDI), which is favorable from a public health perspective. Comparison between organic and conventional samples indicated only minor quantitative differences in mineral composition, without altering overall distribution patterns. These findings suggest that maize, soybean, and spelt significantly contribute to dietary intake of essential elements, with soybean and spelt standing out as particularly valuable sources of minerals in human nutrition.

Traditional food processing preserves indigenous knowledge and supports sustainable agriculture. In northern Nigeria, Mazankwaila is a cube-shaped sweetener made from sugarcane juice, commonly used as a sugar substitute in tea. Amid rising refined sugar prices, low-income households increasingly struggle with affordability. This study aimed to design and fabricate a standardized mould to enhance Mazankwaila production, improving both quality and accessibility while preserving traditional methods. Fieldwork was conducted in Dan Damisa village, Kaduna State, using observation and interviews with local producers. Bulk density measurements of Mazankwaila averaged 591.93 kg/m³, enabling precise conversion of sweetener mass into volume. This informed the design of a mould measuring 75 cm × 75 cm × 3 cm, with a batch capacity of 16.875 liters—aligned with the volume needed for standardized cube production. Daily output was tracked over five production shifts, each yielding 100 liters, for a total of 500 liters per day. The mould was fabricated using a combination of traditional craftsmanship and engineering calculations to ensure durability, ease of use, and consistency in cube sizing. Producers reported improved efficiency, reduced product waste, and enhanced uniformity, without compromising traditional preparation methods. This integration of empirical data with indigenous practices demonstrates a practical, scalable approach to artisanal sweetener production. The standardized mould offers a cost-effective alternative to refined sugar, supporting rural livelihoods, food security, and local agribusiness development.

Manure application in field corn can sustain corn yields and reduce nutrient losses in the soil profile. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of applying manure and synthetic fertilizer on nutrient concentrations in plants and soil, and on field corn yield. Experimental treatments included applications of synthetic fertilizer (NPK) and dairy manure at 5, 10, and 15 tons acre^-1 in addition to a non-fertilized control. All the manure was applied before planting, whereas synthetic fertilizer was applied in splits during the crop growth season. Corn was manually harvested, and plants were separated into leaves, stems, and cobs to determine dry weights. Post-harvest soil sampling was performed at 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm soil depths. Results indicated that in-season leaf nutrient concentrations differed significantly among applied treatments. Application of synthetic fertilizer resulted in the highest plant height (116 in) and the highest corn yield (45.5 tons acre^-1) compared to the control and dairy manure application. Application of manure at 5 tons acre^-1 produced a higher corn yield (35.5 tons acre^-1) compared to manure application at 10 (25.9 tons acre^-1) and 15 tons acre^-1 (26.1 tons acre^-1). A similar trend was observed for the fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems, and cobs. Nutrient recovery was higher with synthetic fertilizer application, followed by manure at 5 tons acre^-1. Soil nutrient analysis indicated no significant differences in N, P, K, and S concentrations among treatments, except for NH₄⁺–N. However, nutrient concentrations across depths significantly differ. Results suggest that a combination of synthetic fertilizer application and manure might be a practical approach for balanced nutrient supply for field corn. Findings of this study establish a framework for improving manure-based nutrient management, with future work expanding its application across production systems.

Among edible mushrooms, Pleurotus spp. is widely cultivated, and interest is growing in reusing its spent substrate (SPS). SPS shows promise as an organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and physical properties; however, its impact on soil microbial activity remains underexplored. This study assessed raw SPS as an organic fertilizer for baby leaf lettuce, focusing on yield, nutritional quality, soil fertility, and soil enzymatic activity. The trial took place in a tunnel greenhouse across two crop cycles (Cycle 1: October–December; Cycle 2: January–March) using two lettuce varieties: Doge and Imperiale. Five fertilization treatments were applied: T0 (no fertilization), TMIN (mineral fertilizer NPK 35-7-4,75 kg ha⁻¹), T100+50 (35 kg ha⁻¹ N via SPS + 17.5 kg ha⁻¹ mineral N), T200 (70 kg ha⁻¹ N via SPS), and T200+50 (70 kg ha⁻¹ N via SPS + 17.5 kg ha⁻¹ mineral N). At harvest, aerial biomass and soil samples were collected to assess yield, plant mineral content, soil nutrients, and enzymatic activities (BGA, ArS, AcP, and AlkP). Fertilization significantly influenced yield: T0 and TMIN produced the highest yields (2.6 and 2.3 kg m⁻²), while T100+50 yielded the most among SPS treatments (2.0 kg m⁻²). T200 and T200+50 improved all enzymatic activities. Mineral profiles differed by variety: Imperiale had higher P, K, S, and Ca and the highest nitrate content under TMIN (37,232 mg kg⁻¹), while Doge absorbed more nitrates under SPS treatments (29,943 mg kg⁻¹). SPS did not affect soil P or K due to the short crop cycle. Overall, raw SPS enhanced soil enzyme activity and lettuce nutrient content, with T100+50 offering the best trade-off between soil health and yield. Future research will evaluate SPS use in other baby leaf crops.