Persistence and widespread contamination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water systems pose significant environmental and human health risks, However, the methods studied at present are expensive or have high technical requirements and are not used in practical application, necessitating effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Herein, this study investigates the adsorption behavior and interfacial interactions of PFOA on dolomite (DL) and calcined dolomite (CDL) using a synergistic experimental (batch extraction, XRD analyses, FTIR analyses, SEM and so on) and molecular simulation approach. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. DL achieved 94% adsorption within the first 2 hours, reaching equilibrium at 4 and 5 hours, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model fitting results indicate maximum adsorption capacities of 2.16 mg g⁻¹ for DL and 2.58 mg g⁻¹ for CDL. Although the adsorption amount is not high, dolomite is a rich, low-cost and scalable material compared with other high-cost and efficient adsorbents, which can provide a very promising way for the removal of PFOA in practical water pollution systems. Molecular dynamics simulations show that hydrogen bonding controls the adsorption of PFOA on DL, while electrostatic interaction also contributes as a key adsorption mechanism. In addition, hydrophobic interaction is a ubiquitous mechanism that facilitates the adsorption of different perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on various adsorbents by experimentation. CDL enhances the surface affinity by forming electrostatic interactions of positively charged Ca(OH)2 and the hydrogen bonding of Mg(OH)2. These findings provide mechanistic insights into and supporting data on dolomite’s potential as a tool for real-world pollutant removal. They also inform future advancements in sustainable water treatment technologies.

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a growing environmental concern due to the durability and widespread use of plastic materials. These small polymer particles are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment, leading to persistent ecological and economic impacts [1].

Laser-induced photodegradation offers a sustainable method for MP removal by enabling their breakdown into CO₂, H₂O, or potentially valuable byproducts [2]. This study explores the effects of UV laser irradiation on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) microparticles in water to evaluate their degradation potential.

Using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (λ=266 nm, E=6.5–12 mJ), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) microparticles were irradiated in distilled water. After 4 h at 12 mJ, PMMA (10 µm, 0.1% w/v) showed significant degradation due to C=O bond cleavage. PS degradation followed a different path, involving peroxide formation and chain scission, producing carbonyl-containing compounds.

To monitor these changes, we employed optical microscopy, SEM, DLS, UV-VIS, FTIR spectroscopy, and dynamic interfacial tension (DIT) measurements. The DIT analysis indicated that degradation starts at the particle surface and progresses inward via diffusion and structural reorganization. Microscopy and SEM revealed the formation of smaller micro- and nanoparticles post-irradiation.

Research into effective laser photodegradation of MPs is still in its early stages. During laser irradiation of MPs, various byproducts are formed, whose characteristics might exhibit significant levels of pollution and toxicity. Recycling these offers pollution control and resource reuse. However, the environmental impacts must be assessed to avoid harm. Sustainable, greener conversion methods are essential for truly effective and eco-friendly MP management.

Acknowledgements: This research was funded by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI (project PN-IV-P2-2.1-TE-2023-1686) and the Nucleu Program LAPLAS VII—contract no. 30N/2023.

References:

[1] Wong et al., Sci. Total Environ. 719 (2020)

[2] Paiman et al., Chem. Eng. J. 467 (2023)

The use of nanofiltration technologies for seawater desalination is one of the most effective ways to solve the shortage of water resources. Salt ions in seawater are complex and diverse, and the traditional nanofiltration membrane has a high rejection rate for a single salt solute. However, it is difficult to maintain good rejection rates for a variety of salt ions in mixed or even multi-salt solutions while ensuring a good permeation flux. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare a nanofiltration membrane with good filtration performance in mixed solutions. In this research manuscript, we used the interfacial polymerization method to prepare a polyamide nanofiltration membrane with a small amount of charge on the surface using 1,4-bis (3-aminopropyl)-piperazine and introduced graphite phase carbon nitride treated using solvent green 7 intercalation into the separation layer. The hydrophilicity of the prepared composite membrane improved greatly, and the surface charge distribution changed. Due to the special charge distribution, the dielectric repulsion in the mass transfer process of the nanofiltration membrane was enhanced. Compared with the traditional commercial method, the rejection of different salt ions in the mixed solution system (Na₂SO₄-NaCl, CaCl₂-NaCl) increased by 50%~100%, and the permeation flux exceeded the commercial membrane by 2~10 times, reaching 50.76 L m⁻²h⁻¹. Through model fitting, the important role of dielectric effect in the mass transfer process was verified, and the difference in the mass transfer results between single/mixed solutions was explained. In addition, the composite membrane maintained good anti-fouling performance in bovine serum albumin and humic acid solutions. The research results provide research ideas and directions for seawater desalination pretreatment.

A key technological goal in light-energy-driven chemical conversion is the development of high-performance and durable photocatalysts. Zinc-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have recently gained attention as a novel class of doped semiconductors due to their unique 2D-layered structure, tuned optical absorption, and high surface area. In this study, we present heterostructures of Zn-based LDH and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), obtained by engineering the manifestation of the structural memory effect of the LDH in aqueous Au(C₂H₃O₂)₃ solutions. The resulting AuNP/LDH nanoarchitectures evolved the synergistic functionalities of the coupled nanounits, specifically plasmon-induced charge separation (PICS) and co-catalytic effects. The novel plasmonic heterostructures were evaluated for the degradation of p-nitrophenol, a model hazardous pollutant, under solar irradiation.

Zn-based LDH precursors with different M²⁺/M³⁺ molar ratios (M²⁺=Zn²⁺, M³⁺=Al³⁺) were synthesized via co-precipitation at a constant pH. AuNP-ZnLDH catalysts (AuNP/LDH) were obtained through a room-temperature reconstruction process in Au(C₂H₃O₂)₃ solutions. Characterization was performed using XRD, FTIR, SEM/HRTEM/EXAFS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy to assess their structural, morphological, and optical properties. Photocatalytic performance was tested in a solar simulator reactor, and p-NPh degradation was monitored through UV-Vis in the 200–600 nm range.

The XRD and FTIR results confirmed that LDH is the dominant phase after reconstruction. The SEM-HRTEM and UV-VIS results revealed tiny and well-dispersed Au nanoparticles embedded into the LDH matrix, with SAED confirming their crystalline nature. The catalyst defined by Zn/Al (3/1), which evolved after 2 hours of reconstruction, showed PICS behavior and the best activity of ~98% for p-NPh degradation after 4 hours under solar light. Reusability tests showed 79% catalytic activity retention over five cycles. These results demonstrate that the catalytic efficiency of AuNP/LDH catalysts can be finely tuned via the parameters used during the LDH reconstruction procedure to obtain advanced plasmonic photocatalysts for environmental applications.

Acquiring high-precision crystal structure information represents a key challenge in advanced scientific and technological research. Traditionally, Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis has been effectively employed to elucidate crystal structures, providing details such as unit cell parameters, bond lengths and angles, atomic ordering, and Atomic Displacement Parameters (ADPs). However, obtaining single crystals of sufficient size required for SC-XRD analysis is often challenging for many crystalline materials and minerals. To overcome this limitation, the integrated application of synchrotron High-Resolution Powder Diffraction (HRPD) and total scattering Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis offers a highly valuable complementary approach. Herein, we present three case studies applying this integrated analytical method to determine the structures of (1) opal, (2) kaolinite, and (3) low-temperature cristobalite. Our results confirm that the combined HRPD and PDF analysis is a highly effective tool for elucidating the structures of fine-grained minerals—including metastable low-temperature phases, clay minerals, and nanominerals—for which conventional SC-XRD analysis is difficult. Specifically, Rietveld refinement of HRPD data accurately provides information on the average crystal structure, while X-ray and neutron PDF analyses effectively yield details on the local structure and precise atomic ADP values. Furthermore, the crystal structure parameters derived from this study show good agreement with those reported from previous SC-XRD analyses where available. These findings suggest that this integrated method can be effectively applied to characterize poorly crystalline or nanoscale minerals present in diverse geological environments. Moreover, combining this powerful technique with other analytical methods, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis, and theoretical calculations, is expected to significantly broaden the scope of research on fine-grained crystalline materials.

Even with its vast potential, small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics are faced with many impediments including instability in biological fluids and moderate cellular internalization/endosomal escape activities. Numerous lipid- and polymer-based nanocarriers were developed to address these issues, with the challenge of keeping the balance between stable complexation and endosomal escape. A pragmatic answer might lie within natural RNA binders such as neomycin B (Neo), a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that is well-known for binding to various RNAs motifs. Neo contains six amines which are mostly ionized at physiological pH to facilitate electrostatic interaction with the anionic phosphates of RNAs. The perplexing versatility seen in Neo-RNA binding can be credited to its conformational flexibility arising from glycosidic bonds, an important part of Neo structure. In addition, the amino groups of Neo possess a wide range of pKas (5.4 to 8.8), which supplement its ability to achieve this intricate balance between complexation and effectual endosomal escape of siRNA in the target cells. We report the development of a novel Neo-derived unit poly-ion complex (uPIC), formed by electrostatic interactions between a single siRNA strand and two defined charge-regulated binary polyethylene glycol (PEG)-block-polycation copolymer chains wherein Neo operates as a cationic siRNA captor. This Neo-siRNA uPIC has a small size (around 20 nm) and presents excellent RNA binding and complexation, effective endosomal escape, and sustained blood circulation, suggesting the massive scope of utilizing Neo as a capable component of future PIC-type siRNA and other therapeutic nucleic acid delivery platforms.

Emerging contaminants, such as acetaminophen (APAP) and bisphenol A (BPA), pose significant threats to environmental and human health due to their widespread presence and potential toxicity. The development of sensitive and selective analytical methods for their detection in aqueous environments is crucial. Electrochemical sensors offer a promising avenue due to their inherent simplicity, rapid response, and potential for on-site monitoring. In this study, we present the fabrication and application of a novel electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a hierarchical bimodal nanoporous gold (hBNPG) structure (hBNPG@GCE) for the detection of APAP.

The hBNPG material was synthesized and characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), confirming its high surface area and nanoporous properties.

The electrochemical behavior of APAP and BPA at the hBNPG@GCE was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was then employed for quantitative analysis. The hBNPG@GCE exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of APAP, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 100nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 544 nM for acetaminophen. Interference studies conducted in the presence of common inorganic ions found in water demonstrated good selectivity for APAP detection. Furthermore, the modified electrode demonstrated its capability for the simultaneous detection of both APAP and BPA in the same electrolyte solution. Reproducibility studies were conducted by performing three consecutive measurements on the same electrode.

These results highlight the potential of the hBNPG@GCE as a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for detecting emerging contaminants like APAP. The hierarchical bimodal nanoporous structure of gold offers a large surface area and enhanced mass transport, contributing to the improved analytical performance. This sensor design holds promise for applications in environmental monitoring and water quality assessment.

Nanotechnology has become a cornerstone in the advancement of innovative food packaging systems, with edible nanofilms representing a leading and sustainable strategy in response to the growing demand for safer, more environmentally friendly packaging solutions [1]. These biodegradable films, formulated from biopolymers such as chitosan, starch, alginate, and protein matrices, are enhanced with nanoparticles including silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and nanoclays to improve their mechanical strength, barrier function, and antimicrobial properties [2]. Nanomaterial incorporation at the molecular level allows edible nanofilms to function as protective barriers and active carriers for bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, flavors, and preservatives. This improves the shelf life and safety of perishable foods, reducing spoilage and playing a critical role in combating food waste, a global concern, while also contributing to a reduction in plastic waste [1,3]. Recent innovations also integrate intelligent functions into edible nanofilms, such as nanosensors that can detect microbial growth, pH changes, or temperature fluctuations, enabling real-time monitoring of food quality and traceability [3]. Furthermore, edible nanofilms contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing plastic waste and offering a fully consumable alternative to traditional packaging materials [1]. However, challenges persist, particularly regarding the migration of nanoparticles and their potential toxicological effects upon ingestion. In this sense, regulatory frameworks from agencies such as the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are increasingly focusing on risk assessment and material characterization to ensure consumer safety [1,4]. This systematic review explores the potential of edible nanofilms as a transformative solution in the food packaging industry, critically examining their integration of functionality, sustainability, and food safety.

The growing demand for sustainable nanomaterials has encouraged the exploration of green synthesis routes that avoid hazardous chemicals and high-energy processes. Among various biological resources, plant extracts have gained attention for their ability to reduce and stabilize nanoparticles naturally. In this study, a green synthesis approachto synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles using spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf extract was employed, with the aim of producing eco-friendly nanomaterials suitable for pigment applications. Fresh spinach leaves were thoroughly washed, crushed, and filtered to obtain an aqueous extract rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and ascorbic acid. This extract was then mixed with a ferric chloride (FeCl₃) solution under ambient conditions. The reduction of the Fe³⁺ ions was visually indicated by a distinct color change in the reaction mixture, suggesting the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy of the resulting suspension showed characteristic absorption in the visible range, supporting nanoparticle formation. The synthesized material was further dried and collected for morphological and structural characterization. Preliminary observations indicate the successful formation of iron oxide nanoparticles using this simple, plant-mediated method. While advanced characterization is ongoing, the current results demonstrate the effectiveness of spinach extract as a natural, sustainable reagent. This method avoids the use of toxic solvents, harsh reducing agents, and high temperatures, offering a safer and more accessible alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. This study underscores the potential of using common edible plants for environmentally sustainable nanomaterial production and contributes to the broader effort to integrate green chemistry principles into materials science.

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and plasticizers, persist in aquatic environments due to the limitations of conventional wastewater treatment technologies [1]. In Czechia, where industries such as textile dyeing and plastics manufacturing are prominent, persistent pollutants like Bisphenol A (BPA) and Rose Bengal (RB) have been detected at concerning levels [2]. This project introduces an innovative solution by developing a photocatalytic ultrafiltration membrane system capable of simultaneous degradation and separation of CECs under visible-light irradiation.
BiOI and BiOI-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a hydro-solvothermal method and incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) flat-sheet membranes via the non-solvent-induced phase-separation (NIPS) technique. These nanocomposite membranes were integrated into a transparent cross-flow filtration module equipped with visible LED light sources to activate the photocatalysts. Membrane morphology, surface roughness, and hydrophilicity were characterized using SEM, EDX, AFM, and water contact angle measurements. Functional performance was evaluated through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, flux recovery tests, and antimicrobial assays.
The results demonstrated effective incorporation of NPs into the PES matrix, with BiOI and BiOI-ZnO showing strong photocatalytic degradation of BPA and RB under visible light. Colorimetric analysis revealed that the ZnO-modified membranes had the highest ΔE*, indicating enhanced dye removal efficiency. Additionally, all NP-modified membranes exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus spp., even in dark conditions.
This hybrid membrane system offers a scalable, energy-efficient quaternary treatment solution, providing enhanced contaminant removal and antifouling capabilities. Its application has the potential to significantly improve wastewater treatment outcomes, particularly in regions facing high CEC loads, supporting sustainable water management practices.

Acknowledgements: This work was partly supported by the Student Grant Scheme at the Technical University of Liberec through project nr. SGS-2025-3580.