A key technological goal in light-energy-driven chemical conversion is the development of high-performance and durable photocatalysts. Zinc-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have recently gained attention as a novel class of doped semiconductors due to their unique 2D-layered structure, tuned optical absorption, and high surface area. In this study, we present heterostructures of Zn-based LDH and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), obtained by engineering the manifestation of the structural memory effect of the LDH in aqueous Au(C₂H₃O₂)₃ solutions. The resulting AuNP/LDH nanoarchitectures evolved the synergistic functionalities of the coupled nanounits, specifically plasmon-induced charge separation (PICS) and co-catalytic effects. The novel plasmonic heterostructures were evaluated for the degradation of p-nitrophenol, a model hazardous pollutant, under solar irradiation.

Zn-based LDH precursors with different M²⁺/M³⁺ molar ratios (M²⁺=Zn²⁺, M³⁺=Al³⁺) were synthesized via co-precipitation at a constant pH. AuNP-ZnLDH catalysts (AuNP/LDH) were obtained through a room-temperature reconstruction process in Au(C₂H₃O₂)₃ solutions. Characterization was performed using XRD, FTIR, SEM/HRTEM/EXAFS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy to assess their structural, morphological, and optical properties. Photocatalytic performance was tested in a solar simulator reactor, and p-NPh degradation was monitored through UV-Vis in the 200–600 nm range.

The XRD and FTIR results confirmed that LDH is the dominant phase after reconstruction. The SEM-HRTEM and UV-VIS results revealed tiny and well-dispersed Au nanoparticles embedded into the LDH matrix, with SAED confirming their crystalline nature. The catalyst defined by Zn/Al (3/1), which evolved after 2 hours of reconstruction, showed PICS behavior and the best activity of ~98% for p-NPh degradation after 4 hours under solar light. Reusability tests showed 79% catalytic activity retention over five cycles. These results demonstrate that the catalytic efficiency of AuNP/LDH catalysts can be finely tuned via the parameters used during the LDH reconstruction procedure to obtain advanced plasmonic photocatalysts for environmental applications.

Acquiring high-precision crystal structure information represents a key challenge in advanced scientific and technological research. Traditionally, Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis has been effectively employed to elucidate crystal structures, providing details such as unit cell parameters, bond lengths and angles, atomic ordering, and Atomic Displacement Parameters (ADPs). However, obtaining single crystals of sufficient size required for SC-XRD analysis is often challenging for many crystalline materials and minerals. To overcome this limitation, the integrated application of synchrotron High-Resolution Powder Diffraction (HRPD) and total scattering Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis offers a highly valuable complementary approach. Herein, we present three case studies applying this integrated analytical method to determine the structures of (1) opal, (2) kaolinite, and (3) low-temperature cristobalite. Our results confirm that the combined HRPD and PDF analysis is a highly effective tool for elucidating the structures of fine-grained minerals—including metastable low-temperature phases, clay minerals, and nanominerals—for which conventional SC-XRD analysis is difficult. Specifically, Rietveld refinement of HRPD data accurately provides information on the average crystal structure, while X-ray and neutron PDF analyses effectively yield details on the local structure and precise atomic ADP values. Furthermore, the crystal structure parameters derived from this study show good agreement with those reported from previous SC-XRD analyses where available. These findings suggest that this integrated method can be effectively applied to characterize poorly crystalline or nanoscale minerals present in diverse geological environments. Moreover, combining this powerful technique with other analytical methods, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis, and theoretical calculations, is expected to significantly broaden the scope of research on fine-grained crystalline materials.

Even with its vast potential, small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics are faced with many impediments including instability in biological fluids and moderate cellular internalization/endosomal escape activities. Numerous lipid- and polymer-based nanocarriers were developed to address these issues, with the challenge of keeping the balance between stable complexation and endosomal escape. A pragmatic answer might lie within natural RNA binders such as neomycin B (Neo), a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that is well-known for binding to various RNAs motifs. Neo contains six amines which are mostly ionized at physiological pH to facilitate electrostatic interaction with the anionic phosphates of RNAs. The perplexing versatility seen in Neo-RNA binding can be credited to its conformational flexibility arising from glycosidic bonds, an important part of Neo structure. In addition, the amino groups of Neo possess a wide range of pKas (5.4 to 8.8), which supplement its ability to achieve this intricate balance between complexation and effectual endosomal escape of siRNA in the target cells. We report the development of a novel Neo-derived unit poly-ion complex (uPIC), formed by electrostatic interactions between a single siRNA strand and two defined charge-regulated binary polyethylene glycol (PEG)-block-polycation copolymer chains wherein Neo operates as a cationic siRNA captor. This Neo-siRNA uPIC has a small size (around 20 nm) and presents excellent RNA binding and complexation, effective endosomal escape, and sustained blood circulation, suggesting the massive scope of utilizing Neo as a capable component of future PIC-type siRNA and other therapeutic nucleic acid delivery platforms.

Emerging contaminants, such as acetaminophen (APAP) and bisphenol A (BPA), pose significant threats to environmental and human health due to their widespread presence and potential toxicity. The development of sensitive and selective analytical methods for their detection in aqueous environments is crucial. Electrochemical sensors offer a promising avenue due to their inherent simplicity, rapid response, and potential for on-site monitoring. In this study, we present the fabrication and application of a novel electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a hierarchical bimodal nanoporous gold (hBNPG) structure (hBNPG@GCE) for the detection of APAP.

The hBNPG material was synthesized and characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), confirming its high surface area and nanoporous properties.

The electrochemical behavior of APAP and BPA at the hBNPG@GCE was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was then employed for quantitative analysis. The hBNPG@GCE exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of APAP, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 100nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 544 nM for acetaminophen. Interference studies conducted in the presence of common inorganic ions found in water demonstrated good selectivity for APAP detection. Furthermore, the modified electrode demonstrated its capability for the simultaneous detection of both APAP and BPA in the same electrolyte solution. Reproducibility studies were conducted by performing three consecutive measurements on the same electrode.

These results highlight the potential of the hBNPG@GCE as a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for detecting emerging contaminants like APAP. The hierarchical bimodal nanoporous structure of gold offers a large surface area and enhanced mass transport, contributing to the improved analytical performance. This sensor design holds promise for applications in environmental monitoring and water quality assessment.

Nanotechnology has become a cornerstone in the advancement of innovative food packaging systems, with edible nanofilms representing a leading and sustainable strategy in response to the growing demand for safer, more environmentally friendly packaging solutions [1]. These biodegradable films, formulated from biopolymers such as chitosan, starch, alginate, and protein matrices, are enhanced with nanoparticles including silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and nanoclays to improve their mechanical strength, barrier function, and antimicrobial properties [2]. Nanomaterial incorporation at the molecular level allows edible nanofilms to function as protective barriers and active carriers for bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, flavors, and preservatives. This improves the shelf life and safety of perishable foods, reducing spoilage and playing a critical role in combating food waste, a global concern, while also contributing to a reduction in plastic waste [1,3]. Recent innovations also integrate intelligent functions into edible nanofilms, such as nanosensors that can detect microbial growth, pH changes, or temperature fluctuations, enabling real-time monitoring of food quality and traceability [3]. Furthermore, edible nanofilms contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing plastic waste and offering a fully consumable alternative to traditional packaging materials [1]. However, challenges persist, particularly regarding the migration of nanoparticles and their potential toxicological effects upon ingestion. In this sense, regulatory frameworks from agencies such as the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are increasingly focusing on risk assessment and material characterization to ensure consumer safety [1,4]. This systematic review explores the potential of edible nanofilms as a transformative solution in the food packaging industry, critically examining their integration of functionality, sustainability, and food safety.

The growing demand for sustainable nanomaterials has encouraged the exploration of green synthesis routes that avoid hazardous chemicals and high-energy processes. Among various biological resources, plant extracts have gained attention for their ability to reduce and stabilize nanoparticles naturally. In this study, a green synthesis approachto synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles using spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf extract was employed, with the aim of producing eco-friendly nanomaterials suitable for pigment applications. Fresh spinach leaves were thoroughly washed, crushed, and filtered to obtain an aqueous extract rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and ascorbic acid. This extract was then mixed with a ferric chloride (FeCl₃) solution under ambient conditions. The reduction of the Fe³⁺ ions was visually indicated by a distinct color change in the reaction mixture, suggesting the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy of the resulting suspension showed characteristic absorption in the visible range, supporting nanoparticle formation. The synthesized material was further dried and collected for morphological and structural characterization. Preliminary observations indicate the successful formation of iron oxide nanoparticles using this simple, plant-mediated method. While advanced characterization is ongoing, the current results demonstrate the effectiveness of spinach extract as a natural, sustainable reagent. This method avoids the use of toxic solvents, harsh reducing agents, and high temperatures, offering a safer and more accessible alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. This study underscores the potential of using common edible plants for environmentally sustainable nanomaterial production and contributes to the broader effort to integrate green chemistry principles into materials science.

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and plasticizers, persist in aquatic environments due to the limitations of conventional wastewater treatment technologies [1]. In Czechia, where industries such as textile dyeing and plastics manufacturing are prominent, persistent pollutants like Bisphenol A (BPA) and Rose Bengal (RB) have been detected at concerning levels [2]. This project introduces an innovative solution by developing a photocatalytic ultrafiltration membrane system capable of simultaneous degradation and separation of CECs under visible-light irradiation.
BiOI and BiOI-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a hydro-solvothermal method and incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) flat-sheet membranes via the non-solvent-induced phase-separation (NIPS) technique. These nanocomposite membranes were integrated into a transparent cross-flow filtration module equipped with visible LED light sources to activate the photocatalysts. Membrane morphology, surface roughness, and hydrophilicity were characterized using SEM, EDX, AFM, and water contact angle measurements. Functional performance was evaluated through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, flux recovery tests, and antimicrobial assays.
The results demonstrated effective incorporation of NPs into the PES matrix, with BiOI and BiOI-ZnO showing strong photocatalytic degradation of BPA and RB under visible light. Colorimetric analysis revealed that the ZnO-modified membranes had the highest ΔE*, indicating enhanced dye removal efficiency. Additionally, all NP-modified membranes exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus spp., even in dark conditions.
This hybrid membrane system offers a scalable, energy-efficient quaternary treatment solution, providing enhanced contaminant removal and antifouling capabilities. Its application has the potential to significantly improve wastewater treatment outcomes, particularly in regions facing high CEC loads, supporting sustainable water management practices.

Acknowledgements: This work was partly supported by the Student Grant Scheme at the Technical University of Liberec through project nr. SGS-2025-3580.

Strontium (Sr²⁺), a hazardous radionuclide in nuclear waste, requires efficient adsorption for pollution control. Taiwan’s Zhangyuan bentonite, with high cation exchange capacity (CEC: 80–86 meq/100 g), offers potential for Sr²⁺ removal. This study systematically investigated its adsorption performance and mechanisms under diverse conditions, aiming to develop an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for radioactive wastewater treatment.

Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effects of time, Sr²⁺ concentration, temperature, pH, and Na⁺ levels. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were modeled using pseudo-second-order and Freundlich equations. XRD analyzed interlayer spacing (d001) to track Sr²⁺ intercalation. Cation desorption quantified exchange mechanisms, while ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations elucidated Sr²⁺-Ca²⁺ interactions via water bridge networks.

Taiwan bentonite achieved 95% Sr²⁺ removal within 5 minutes, with a maximum capacity of 0.28 mmol/g (56 meq/100 g, 65% of CEC). Cation exchange dominated (84% contribution), primarily displacing Ca²⁺ (60.4% desorbed ions). XRD confirmed Sr²⁺ intercalation, expanding d001 from 14.71 Å to 15.6 Å. Alkaline conditions (pH >9) enhanced adsorption by strengthening electrostatic attraction and suppressing Ca²⁺ competition. Na⁺ reduced capacity, validating exchange priority. AIMD revealed Sr²⁺ formed hydrogen bonds with bentonite oxygen via bilayer hydration (adsorption energy: -15.3 eV), while water bridges between Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ stabilized adsorption sites.

Taiwan bentonite emerges as a promising material for emergency Sr²⁺ treatment in nuclear wastewater, offering rapid kinetics (5-minute equilibrium), high capacity, and pH adaptability (optimized at pH >9). Its natural abundance, low cost, and resistance to ion interference (e.g., 65% CEC utilization under Na⁺ competition) surpass synthetic alternatives. The dual mechanism—cation exchange and surface complexation—provides a theoretical basis for enhancing bentonite’s swelling properties and long-term stability. This study advances the application of natural minerals in nuclear waste disposal, highlighting their practicality in large-scale environmental remediation.

We are looking for a permanent solution to environmental disasters, fires, earthquakes, floods, and harsh environmental problems, as well as ways to stabilize the structures of war-prone areas that suffer from huge economic, social and human losses, by using innovative concrete structures which employ nanomaterial technology, with an emphasis on acceptable cost and achieving sustainability, durability, and comfort factors. Concrete structures (low- to medium-rise) characterized by high fire resistance (externally and internally) achieve higher structural balance rates, higher sustainability rates, and higher durability, with a longer life than their counterparts. All of this can be achieved by using lightweight, high-performance structural concrete made from environmentally friendly materials that do not involve any harmful substances or unconventional materials. We have created a prototype (KandCrete) composed of coarse and fine aggregates,which may be used as either ordinary or resistive cement. It has the same composition proportions as any conventional concrete, without a significant increase in cost. KandCrete has a density of (1600 to 1850 kg / m³), exhibiting a 25 % to 35% reduction in the conventional weight of concrete. Its compressive strength is 585 to 665 kg/cm², which is 90% to 121% greater than that of conventional concrete, and has a heat gain %age of 2.47% to 2.58%, with heat-transfer resistance 25 times that of insulated conventional concrete. It is not permeable to liquids and harmful substances and remains chemically balanced in the face of harmful environments. We have obtained a full structural system with integral components and members, with full distribution of loads, high stability and a tough structure, with no joints or links, no cracking , no deflection , no deformation, no weak connections , no buckling, no torsion.. etc. Our formula reduces energy consumption to the extreme. It needs little maintenance to preserve its structure or appearance, and is long-lasting and self-healing. It does not rot and is termite-resistant.

We investigated the Ree–Eyring fluid flow between two stretchable spinning disks with various stretching rates, along with the thermal enhancement feature of dual-walled carbon nanotubes such as SWCNTs and MWCNTs–water nanoliquids. The influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion and microorganisms was also investigated properly. Appropriate transformations were applied to change the highly coupled non-linear system of partial differential equations to coupled ordinary differential equations associated with convective boundary conditions, which were then obtained analytically by utilizing HAM. The effects of significant parameters on the distribution function of velocity, temperature, microorganism motile density and concentration have been clarified via detailed sketches. Clearly, we found that the characteristics of the Eckert number enhanced the temperature profile in the two different nanoliquids. The thermal boundary layer thickness was enhanced via frictional heating when the Eckert number significantly increased in an augmentation of energy distribution due to double-spinning disks. Finally, the fluid temperature hikes were a little less significant in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) than multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–water nanoliquid with a larger Eckart number, EC. Moreover, we noticed that the thickness of the microorganism boundary layer decreased when we elevated Weissenberg number We and rotation parameter G. Thus, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–water nanoliquid showed a slightly greater decrease than single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)–water nanoliquid.