Nanotechnology has facilitated various applications in food and agricultural industries due to the unique characteristics of nanoparticles, such as their large surface area, reactivity, tendency to agglomerate, ability to penetrate, and specific size and structure. The exploration of nanoparticles in agriculture is gaining interest because of their ability to minimize the use of chemical fertilizer and significantly enhance plant growth. Nanoparticles have proven to be highly beneficial for plant development. Nanotechnology plays a vital role in improving methods for monitoring ecological conditions, managing pathogenicity, managing crop capacity for photosynthetic respiration, increasing nutrient or pesticide absorption and accelerating seed germination. The effects of NPs on plants depend on their size, shape, concentration, coatings, self-aggregate tendency, and stability. Several studies have demonstrated that controlled concentrations of nanoparticles significantly promote seed germination and facilitate robust plant growth. A clear understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of nanoparticles in plants can lead to enhanced plant growth and development. Here, we provide an overview of the applications of recently developed nanoparticles, including metallic and non-metallic NPs and carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs). These NPs have been explored for their potential in mitigating crop diseases, leading to improved seed germination, vigor, enhanced plant growth, flowering and seed production.