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Natural deep eutectic solvents as a green approach to extracting bioactive compounds from Moringa leaves
* 1 , 2 , 1
1  Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ-UBA-CONICET), FCEN, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
2  Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Academic Editor: Theodoros Varzakas

Abstract:

Efforts are being made to valorize agroindustrial waste by recovering compounds of technological or functional interest using green extraction methods. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) emerge as a versatile and sustainable alternative to traditional organic solvents. The objective was to design food-safe NADESs and use them as solvents to extract polyphenolic compounds from plant sources. NADESs were prepared as mixtures of citric acid and glucose (1:1) (CIT:GLU) and with glycerol and glucose (4:1) (GLI:GLU), with a final aqueous content of 30%w/v. The mixtures were heated and stirred (60 °C, 90 min) until homogeneous systems were obtained and were characterized by determining their density, refractive index, pH, water activity (aw), electrical conductivity, and polarity. The NADES extraction yields were determined based on the total polyphenolic content (TPC) extracted per gram of dry Moringa oleifera leaf. The prepared NADESs had a density between 1,238 and 1,382 g/mL, with systems CIT:GLU presenting a higher density than GLI:GLU. The refractive indices ranged from 1,420 to 1,456 without significant differences (p<0.05) between the systems. The aw of the CIT:GLU NADES was close to 0.75 and 0.66 for the GLI:GLU mixture, suggesting a greater water--water interaction in this last system. The pH of NADESs with citric acid was less than 1.00 due to the high concentration of acid, while the pH in the GLI:GLU system was 3.13. Conductivity was 0.31 mS/cm in CIT:GLU due to the presence of citrate and null in the GLI:GLU, since its components do not form ions. The TPC of the extracts was between 40 and 50 mg EAG/g b.s. The extraction yields were compared with ethanol, and better yields were obtained for the NADESs. In addition, NADESs have the advantage of being natural, non-toxic, and can be designed with particular characteristics to favor the extraction of specific compounds, and also to stabilize them during extraction and storage.

Keywords: NADES; green extraction; Moringa; polyphenols

 
 
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