The introduction of the Montbeliarde dairy breed in Ecuador started in the 1990s with the objective of improving the production performance of other dairy breeds. The objective of this study was to analyze the population structure, inbreeding and genetic diversity of the Montbeliarde breed using official pedigree information from the Montbeliarde Association of Ecuador. The total population included 1,584 females and 210 males. Three databases were considered: historical (all individuals= 1,794), current (individuals born between 2011-2021= 896) and reference (individuals with known sire and dam within the current population= 857). Population structure variables were: pedigree completeness index (PCI), number of equivalent (GEq), complete (GCom) and maximum (GMax) generations and generation interval (GI). DG variables were: inbreeding (F), inbreeding increment (ΔF), average relatedness (AR), co-ancestry (C), Non-random mating (α), effective population size (Ne) and genetic conservation index (GCI). The gene origin probability variables were: number of founders (f), effective number of founders (fe) and ancestors (fa), number of equivalent genomes (fg), fe/fa and fg/fa ratio and DG losses. The databases were analyzed by ENDOG and POPREP software. PCI in the historical population compared to the current population increased from 89.1 to 96.7% (sire pathway) and from 48.5 to 53.4% (dam pathway) while the GI increased from 7.2 to 7.9 years in the historical and current population, respectively. Moreover, F=1.53%, AR=2.91%, ΔF= 0.14%, C= 1.46%, α=-0.0094; GCI=3.65, and Ne= 56 (2014) values were obtained. Gene origin probability in the reference population was f=372, fa=35, fe=121.71, fg=38.06, fg/fe=0.31 showing a GD loss due to unequal contribution of founders (0.41%) and bottleneck and genetic drift (1.31%). In conclusion, the Ecuadorian Montbelarde cattle population displayed a relatively low diversity and quite high genetic relationship. Inbreeding level of the population increased over time. The introduction of new purebred bloodlines is important to minimize the inbreeding levels ensuring the long-term conservation of this breed to prevent the GD loss.