Environmentally sustainable agriculture is increasingly based on an approach that addresses the overlapping issues of climate change, food security, increasing sustainable agricultural productivity, maintaining healthy soils, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is essential to look for innovative ideas that can help address these issues. One solution could be the application of a range of innovative agricultural practices, such as the use of autonomous and robotic machinery in agricultural processes. The aim of this work was to analyse trends in the use of autonomous robots in crop production from an environmental perspective. A comprehensive analysis of literature sources in the databases ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was carried out. A carefully selected set of keywords was used to find articles relevant to this work, including “autonomous agricultural machines”, “agricultural robotics”, “sowing robots”, “weed control robots”, “tillage robots”, “harvesting robots”, and other related secondary keywords. The search for information focused only on the crop sector without touching on livestock, logistics, horticulture, and gardening. Autonomous agricultural machines used in crop production have been classified according to work processes: tillage, sowing, spraying and fertilising, weed control, and harvesting. A diagram of the environmental impact of autonomous machines in agriculture has been drawn up, which shows that autonomous agricultural machines have a positive impact on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, on the optimisation of resources, and on the production of higher yields. The efficiency of an autonomous system is between 3.0 and 9.6 % better than tat of a conventional machine, and the difference in CO2 emissions between autonomous and conventional systems shows that an automated system is able to emit between 11.0 and 63.3% less CO2 into the environment. In addition, in many cases, a robotic system is several times lighter than a conventional system and has a lower impact on soil structure than conventional earth-moving machinery. Autonomous machines are poised to have a significant impact on the development of crop production in terms of environmental sustainability. The integration of these intelligent technological solutions into agriculture is in line with the principles of climate-friendly agriculture, increasing the efficiency and sustainability of farming practices. Autonomous equipment, such as solar-powered robotic systems, can carry out technological processes with the least possible disturbance to the environment, while optimising the use of resources and thus reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with traditional farming methods.