The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata), native to Africa but long naturalized in select regions of India, such as the Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh, is emerging at the intersection of biodiversity conservation, food security, and sustainability. Baobabs are known for their remarkable water-storing capacity (up to 117,000 liters), their medicinally and nutritionally valuable fruit known locally as khorsani imli, and their role in supporting tribal economies through the promotion of traditional harvesting practices. This article critically examines multiple dimensions of the baobab crisis in Madhya Pradesh: from these trees' ecological importance and biocultural value to governance failures and socio-economic pressures driving unsustainable extraction. It also explores viable sustainability pathways, such as geo-tagging of individual trees, application for a Geographical Indication (GI) status for baobab fruit, community-led conservation models, and policy incentives for sustainable agroforestry practices. By highlighting baobab's multifaceted value—as a climate-resilient species, a nutritional superfood, and a cultural asset—this work underscores the need for an integrated conservation–development framework. In the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land), the conservation and sustainable utilization of baobab trees present a compelling opportunity to enhance food and nutrition security, promote biodiversity, support indigenous knowledge systems, and create inclusive rural economies. Future research should prioritize developing propagation and nursery management techniques for large-scale baobab cultivation, assessing the species’s carbon sequestration and climate adaptation potential in semi-arid and drought-prone areas, exploring the use of value-added processing in the development o baobab-based nutraceutical and functional food products, and evaluating community-based conservation and benefit-sharing models that ensure both biodiversity protection and sustainable livelihoods.