Capsaicin, a natural bioactive component extracted from chili peppers, is important in food flavoring and food preparation. Currently, the global climate is changing rapidly, extreme cold wave events occur frequently, and direct cell damage and secondary ice crystal effects triggered by low-temperature stress seriously threaten the survival of organisms, so analyzing the cold tolerance mechanism is of great significance for biological protection and low-temperature medicine. As an important model organism in pharmaceutical research, Cryptococcus hidradii is of great significance in the testing of functional foods. In this study, we used Cryptobacterium hidradii as a model to investigate the protective effect of capsaicin, a natural food active ingredient, in low-temperature stress. A control group and three experimental groups (capsaicin concentrations of 10 μM, 50 μM, and 250 μM) were set up to compare the locomotor indexes of different groups of nematodes after treatment at 4°C, 30 min, and we found that different concentrations of capsaicin enhanced the locomotor ability of nematodes at low temperatures, with a significant enhancement of the head bobbing, body bending, and pharyngeal pumping rate. In the -20°C, 5 min cold shock recovery experiment, capsaicin was able to shorten the recovery time of nematodes. In three consecutive cold shock experiments, the recovery rate of nematodes increased significantly, showing adaptation to cold shock, and capsaicin was able to accelerate the adaptation of nematodes to cold shock recovery. The study showed that capsaicin could enhance the nematode's locomotor ability in the low-temperature environment, promote the nematode's recovery after cold shock, and synergize with the nematode's adaptive memory to promote the self-protection and adaptation to the nematode in the low-temperature environment.