Electrons' interactions with matter give rise to a variety of atomic phenomena, including ionization, excitation, electron backscattering, and X-ray emission (Kanaya and Okayama 1972). In the present work, an experimental investigation was carried out to measure the bremsstrahlung (BS) yield produced by 10–25 keV electrons incident on a thick (0.1 mm) tungsten (Z = 74) target.

The objective of this study is to examine how the bremsstrahlung yield varies with electron energy, angle of incidence (α), and detection angle (θ). The experiment was conducted using a specially designed setup in which the electron beam and the detector were oriented orthogonally, with the target positioned at the center of the vacuum chamber facing the incident beam (Singh et al. 2018). The angle of incidence (α) was varied from 15° to 75°, measured with respect to the incident electron beam; correspondingly, the detection angle (θ) is described as (90° − α). The emitted X-rays were detected using a Si-PIN detector, and the resulting spectra were analyzed with MCA software to determine the photon yield distributions. The electron current was integrated directly on the target using a current integrator to obtain the total incident charge.

To validate the experimental results, the measured bremsstrahlung yields were normalized and compared with Monte Carlo simulations performed using the PENELOPE code (Salvat,F. 2015; Llovet and Salvat 2017). A comparison with the simulations provides insight into the angular dependence of the bremsstrahlung photon yield and the degree of symmetry or asymmetry with respect to the incidence angle.