In this research, the three-component synthesis of quinazoline derivatives with various substitutions has been investigated using a new chitosan-based catalyst grafted by 5-sulfosalicylic acid under green chemistry conditions. FT-IR, NMR, XRD, EDX, VSM, and FESEM spectroscopic, microscopic or analytical methods were used for characterization of the new catalyst as well as identification of quinazoline derivatives. The obtained results show significant catalytic activity of the supramolecular nanocatalyst for the expeditious and efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazoline-4(1H)-one derivatives, as an important pharmaceutical scaffold, via a three-component one-pot condensation of isotonic anhydride and aromatic aldehydes with amine sources.