Reasons for high adsorption efficiencies on lead removal from aquatic solution

Heavy metals are of great concern worldwide in terms of environmental pollution due to their effects such as persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation, and toxicity for organisms. These pollutants in the non-biodegradable inorganic form are released into water, soil, and air from different industrial sectors. Lead ions are also a toxic heavy metal in terms of human health and permanent in terms of the ecosystem, which is included in this pollutant group. Among the many treatment methods, adsorption is an inexpensive, eco-friendly and efficient process for removing Pb(II) ions from water contaminated with lead ions. The most important detail that draws attention both in our research in the literature and in our own studies is that very high removal efficiencies of lead ions can be obtained with many different inorganic and organic adsorbents. Such high removal efficiencies cannot be obtained for other heavy metals and metalloids. Therefore, it was aimed to reveal the difference in the adsorption process of lead in this study. The physicochemical and biological properties of lead ion and the effects of specific properties such as amphoteric structure, free electron, post-transition metal, and the low melting temperature were investigated accordingly.