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This document discusses the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and their importance in various applications. NPs are materials formed by particles with dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, which possess unique properties due to their relatively large surface area. However, characterization of these properties is challenging due to the polydispersity and wide distribution of sizes, shapes and defects that occur in their synthesis. Size, shape, surface charge and porosity are key parameters that determine the properties of NPs. The physicochemical properties of NPs include electronic and optical, magnetic, mechanical and thermal properties.