Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS 2022): Investigating the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption data across the participating countries.

For the first time since 2015, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance (GLASS) featured both global reports for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial consumption (AMC) data in its annual reports. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of AMR with AMC within participating countries reported in the GLASS 2022 report, focusing on beta-lactam/cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones consumption which are critically important antimicrobials for human health and resistance to these antimicrobials associated with bloodstream E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The findings revealed a statistically significant (p <0.05) positive linear association between beta-lactam resistance and beta-lactam consumption and between fluoroquinolones resistance, and fluoroquinolones consumption respectively within participating countries, additionally, we saw a consistent clustering of countries based on AMC and AMR patterns. Furthermore, the beta-regression model showed a strong association between ceftriaxone consumption and bloodstream-associated ceftriaxone-resistance E. coli and Klebsiella spp. respectively, between ceftazidime consumption and bloodstream-associated ceftazidime-resistance Klebsiella spp. Also, there was a strong association showed a strong association between ciprofloxacin consumption and bloodstream-associated ciprofloxacin -resistance E. coli and Klebsiella spp respectively, and a strong association between levofloxacin consumption and bloodstream-associated levofloxacin-resistance E. coli and Klebsiella spp. respectively. Understanding AMC and how it relates to AMR at the global scale is overly critical in the global AMR policy development and implementation of global antimicrobial stewardship.