Metabolic Strategies of Treg Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Immune Metabolism-Based Precision Medicine

In recent years, the complex relationship between immune cells and the area around the tumour has become an important factor in how cancer grows and how well treatment works. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a specific type of CD4+ T cell, are very important for keeping the immune system in balance, but tumours can also use them to weaken the immune system. To improve precision medicine approaches in cancer immunotherapy, we need to know more about the metabolic strategies used by Tregs in the tumour microenvironment. This review looks at the changes that Tregs' metabolism goes through when they enter a tumour, showing how their metabolism is different from that of effector T cells. We look into how Tregs use glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism to help them stay alive and keep other cells from attacking. We also talk about how the metabolism of Treg cells changes in response to environmental cues and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also talk about what Treg metabolic plasticity means for the development of new strategies in immune metabolism-based precision medicine. In conclusion, this review shows how important it is to understand how Treg cells work in the area around a tumour because it could lead to more personalised and effective cancer immunotherapy. The new information from these studies opens up new ways to treat cancer that might tip the balance in favour of the body's immune system. This could start a new era in the fight against cancer.