Mechanical Intelligence in Insect Wings: The Role of the Basal Complex in Wing Shape-Morphing

The flight muscles of birds and bats actively control wing deformations, while insect wings rely mainly on passive mechanisms determined by their adaptive wing structures. This study delves into the unique design of insect wings, specifically focusing on the 3D component known as the basal complex situated in the wing's proximal region. Our research, employing a comprehensive array of multidisciplinary methods, including modern imaging techniques, mechanical testing, finite element analysis, parametric modelling, conceptual design, and 3D printing, rigorously tests the hypothesis that the basal complex plays a pivotal role in determining the quality and quantity of wing deformations during flight. The results support this hypothesis, revealing that variations in the basal complex's material and structural design elements among dragonfly and damselfly species lead to significant differences in symmetric or asymmetric deformation patterns observed in insect wings in flight. Our systematic investigation of geometric parameters in a set of numerical models further indicates adaptations for achieving maximum camber under loading. Inspired by the basal complex, we introduce a shape-morphing mechanism applicable to wind turbine blades, simplifying actuation and control systems. This research not only contributes to understanding the biomechanics of complex insect wings but also offers valuable insights for engineering shape-morphing systems with enhanced mechanical intelligence and simplified control requirements.