Golina River Water Budget Dynamics Analysis using Remote Sensing Satellite Data,
Northern Ethiopia

River basin management, the backbone of many economies, relies on understanding historical and projected fluctuations of water budget components: precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, soil moisture, which result decline of water availability in the world particularly Northern Ethiopia. Currently, the use of satellite remote sensing information is becoming more critical for acquiring hydrological information in ungauged areas, complementing missing values, and measuring hydrological components/ water budget components in large-scale areas. A concurrent mixed research methodology has been used in this study. The hydrological components are processed using formulas and software, which yields a map and numerical data that require a thorough explanation. The non-gridded statistical data for each component of the water budget was extracted using spatial analytic tools that were accessible in the GIS /Geographic Information System. Rainfall was localized downstream of the study during all research periods, Except for a small amount in 2023, when evapotranspiration varied and was focused in the southeast of the region, soil moisture levels throughout all periods were concentrated in the west. Evapotranspiration was in line with rainfall. This might be the outcome of the study's upper stream, the western section, having a lower temperature than the downstream. As evidence of this, the evapotranspiration map indicates that it was low in the upper stream (Western region) and high downstream (Eastern region). The findings of this study also show that runoff increases as precipitation increases. Rainfall has increased in intensity, which has saturated the soil and expedited runoff. The paper's unique findings, which have values of 5.355 MMC/million-meter cube, 6.960 MMC, 0.882 MMC, and -4.700 MMC, respectively, demonstrate that the trend of the water budget has been declining during the years 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023. Accordingly, there was a significant potential for evapotranspiration, resulting in a water shortage.