Fern Diversity and Soil Characteristics in the Moist Temperate Deciduous Forest of the Indian Central Himalayas.

Ferns form a vital component of the vegetation of the Indian Central Himalayas (ICH). Comprehending winter-specific fern diversity is essential for understanding their adaptive strategies and informing conservation initiatives. This study aims to evaluate fern diversity in relation to soil attributes within the moist temperate deciduous forest of the ICH during the winter season, providing insights into the ecological dynamics and conservation status of ferns.

A comprehensive survey was conducted across various habitats in the ICHs during November, 2023. Stratified random sampling ensured coverage of multiple microhabitats, including forest undergrowth, riverbanks, and shaded rocky areas. Fern specimens were collected and identified using morphological traits, with herbarium consultations for verification. Soil samples were taken from fern locations, and parameters such as soil pH, moisture, electrical conductivity, and elemental composition were analysed to assess their correlation with fern distribution. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to identify patterns in fern diversity and ecological preferences.

The survey recorded 23 fern species from 16 genera and six families, with Polypodiaceae and Pteridaceae being the most dominant despite seasonal constraints. Fern diversity peaked in shaded and moist microhabitats with slightly acidic soil (pH 5.08-6.20). Statistical analyses revealed a strong correlation between soil moisture, nutrient availability, and fern diversity, underscoring the importance of hydrological factors in winter fern distribution.

This study highlights the resilience and adaptability of ferns in the ICH during the winter season. The findings stress the importance of specific microhabitats and soil characteristics in supporting fern diversity under seasonal climatic constraints. Conservation strategies should focus on these key habitats to preserve fern diversity. Further research is recommended to investigate the phenological and physiological adaptations of ferns across different seasons, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of their ecological dynamics.