Math anxiety affects conscious and unconscious math performance

Introduction: Mathematical anxiety (MA) causes worry and fear in performing mathematical tasks, potentially leading to the avoidance of math-related situations and careers. This study aimed to explore the correlation between event-related potentials (ERPs) during conscious and unconscious math performance and the level of MA.

Methods: This research involved 24 participants (13 females, mean age 21.4 years) that were assessed using a shortened MA rating scale (mean sMARS results: 60±19). Single-digit addition problems (large and small) were presented, followed by correct and incorrect answers in two experimental blocks with conscious and unconscious perception of arithmetic tasks. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between sMARS results and average ERP amplituded in the 300–400 ms interval after the solution was presented.

Results: A moderate negative correlation (-0.450 < r < -0.650) was found between MA level and ERP amplitude in fronto-central leads in response to the correct solutions during conscious and unconscious small problem presentation. For the conscious presentation of large problems, a moderate negative correlation (-0.450 < r < -0.550) was observed. No correlation was found for the unconscious presentation of large problems or incorrect answers.

Conclusion: Increased MA levels corresponded to reduced ERP amplitudes for correct solutions, both consciously and unconsciously. It was previously established that arithmetic skill correlated with P300 amplitude for correct answers. High MA individuals tend to avoid math situations, potentially affecting their ability to extract answers from memory, leading to diminished N400/P300 arithmetic effect in both conscious and unconscious perception.

This study was supported by the RSF (grant № 23-78-01220).