Utilization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds from floral sources

This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for obtaining bioactive compounds from floral sources, emphasizing its potential application in the pharmaceutical and food industries. As a "green extraction" technique, UAE minimizes the use of organic solvents, energy consumption, and extraction time, making it a sustainable alternative to traditional extraction methods. On the other hand, flowers serve as a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds. Appropriate experimental strategies are necessary to maximize the yield of bioactive compound recovery. The increasing use of floral sources in manufacturing dietary supplements and functional foods, coupled with rapid advancements in these sectors, indicates significant potential for the application of UAE. Its effectiveness is influenced by a multitude of factors, including operational variables and the matrix effect, both of which have the potential to impact the molecular structures of the specific compounds being targeted. In flowers, these compounds usually entail active secondary metabolites such as polyphenols. Hence, it is imperative to establish the optimal experimental parameters. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, covering studies from 2000 to 2024. Electronic databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for peer-reviewed articles using keywords such as "Ultrasound-assisted extraction", "bioactive compounds", "flowers", and "extraction optimization". The results indicate that UAE significantly enhances the yield of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, with extraction efficiencies reaching up to 95% under optimal conditions. The findings also highlight the importance of parameter optimization, as variations in solvent concentration and ultrasonic intensity can affect the structural integrity of the extracted compounds. In conclusion, this communication emphasized the significance of UAE technologies and presented recent research and updated data on their contribution to obtaining bioactive compounds from plant-based materials, particularly flowers.