Artificial Intelligence-Based Effective Detection of Parkinson's Disease Using Voice Measurements

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system and leads to progressive degeneration of neurons that results in movement slowness, mental health problems, speaking difficulties, etc. In the past 25 years, the prevalence of PD has doubled. Global estimates revealed that over 8.5 million cases have been identified so far. Thus, early and accurate detection of PD is crucial for treatment. Traditional detection methods are subjective and prone to delays as they are reliant on clinical evaluation and imaging. Alternatively, artificial intelligence (AI) has recently emerged as a transformative technology in the healthcare sector showing decent and promising results. However, an effective algorithm needs to be investigated for the most accurate prediction of a particular disease. Thus, this paper explores the ability of different machine learning algorithms for the effective detection of PD. A total of 26 algorithms were implemented using the Scikit-Learn library on the Oxford PD detection dataset. It is a collection of 195 voice measurements recorded from 31 individuals, of which 23 have PD. The implemented algorithms are logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, Gaussian naïve bayes, multi-layered perceptron (MLP), extreme gradient boosting, adaptive boosting, stochastic gradient descent, gradient boosting machine, extra tree classifier, light gradient boosting machine, categorical boosting, Bernoulli naïve bayes, complement naïve bayes, multinomial naïve bayes, histogram-based gradient boosting, nearest centroid, radius neighbors classifier, logistic regression with elastic net regularization, extreme learning machine, ridge classifier, huber classifier, perceptron classifier, and voting classifier. Among them, MLP outperformed the other algorithms by testing accuracy of 95%, precision of 94%, sensitivity of 100%, F1 score of 97%, and AUC of 98%. Thus, it successfully discriminates healthy individuals from those with PD, thereby helping for accurate early detection of PD for new patients using their voice measurement.