Intelligent Microrobots for versatile applications in Biomedicine.

With the recent advancements in biomaterials and biomanufacturing, the concept of miniaturized yet minimally invasive surgical procedures has emerged in biomedicine. In this regard, microrobots have been transforming the natural ways of diagnosis, treatments, and real-time monitoring of biosignals even from intricate organs (such as the Brain and the Gastrointestinal Tract) of the human body. However, due to the available scientific studies being limited, there has been a significant research gap in exploring the different types and applied clinical areas of intelligent microrobots. Therefore, herein, artificial, biological, and biohybrid microrobots are systematically categorized to develop the theoretical background for diversified medical procedures. A well-comprehended discussion on the design and fabrication of these miniaturized agents is considered to explore the practicality of micro-engineered biomedical solutions. These microrobots are controlled by applying different mechanisms, primarily including but not limited to external magnetic fields, acoustic waves, electrical fields, and optical tweezers. Furthermore, self-propelled, untethered, and autonomous features of the microrobots contribute to intelligent yet targeted biomedical operations (such as navigating through complex bio-fluidic environments, locating tumors, and delivering drugs). The utility of these microrobots has also been seen in several in vitro as well as in vivo applications, aiding medical scientists to transform precision surgery and lab-on-chip diagnostics. Based on the findings, this article provides the scientific community with a micro-robotics foundation to explore their well-connected theoretical interpretations, design, manufacturing, intelligent control, and utility in several areas of biomedicine. It is highly recommended to further explore the practical limitations of these biocompatible robots to optimize futuristic medical Interventions.