Wearable biosensors for non-Communicable disease management: monitoring physiological and pathological responses after nutrient intake

Today's population faces a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, or type 2 diabetes, which are closely related to unhealthy lifestyle habits, including an inadequate diet and sedentary patterns. Identifying physiological and pathological parameters can help prevent and treat these diseases. In this respect, biosensors have been proposed as useful tools for analytical devices with biological sensing elements capable of detecting both physiological indicators and pathological markers that aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of these diseases. These tools also play a key role in the observation and assessment of physiological activities, with wearable biosensors being of particular interest due to their ability to provide continuous, real-time physiological information. Knowing the potential applications of these devices could aid in monitoring the real effect of these products’ consumption. Given the rising interest in functional foods to improve public health, wearable biosensors hold the potential to monitor the physiological effects of their consumption. This systematic review aims to analyze the current state of wearable biosensor development, highlighting their applications, benefits, and limitations. Specifically, it focuses onimplications for individuals using these devices and the challenges associated with data collection, interpretation, and extrapolation. By addressing these aspects, this review provides insights into the real-world applicability of wearable biosensors for disease prevention and personalized health management focused on nutrient intake.