Oligonucleotide Switches for miRNA/mRNA detection in Optical Biosensing

Oligonucleotide optical switches are short, precisely engineered nucleic acid molecules that alter or activate their light emission upon interaction with specific molecular targets. Their optical response is typically based on fluorescence mechanisms, particularly Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), or alternative approaches such as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) [1].

DNA’s versatility extends beyond genetic information storage; in biosensing applications, DNA fragments provide exceptional molecular recognition, enabling highly specific analytical systems. More than just recognition elements, DNA-based structures can be designed as dynamic nanoscale tools to monitor intracellular processes in real time. These capabilities allow oligonucleotide optical switches to serve both as diagnostic sensors and potential therapeutic agents.

Among recent advancements in optical biosensing, oligonucleotide optical switches have emerged as particularly promising due to their ability to provide a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific detection of biomolecules [2]. However, challenges remain, including optimizing signal-to-noise ratios, ensuring stability in biological environments, and integrating these nanosensors with advanced detection platforms. Despite these hurdles, continuous research is expanding their applications, from fundamental cellular studies to medical diagnostics and targeted therapies. Their potential to bridge biosensing and therapeutic intervention positions them as key players in the future of molecular nanotechnology.

References

[1] M. Banchelli et al., “Molecular beacon decorated silver nanowires for quantitative miRNA detection by a SERS approach”, Anal. Methods. (2023) 15, 6165-6176

[2] A. Giannetti et al., “Oligonucleotide optical switches for intracellular sensing” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. (2013) 45(19) 6181-6196.

Funding/Acknowledgement

The authors were supported by the Next Generation EU project titled “Progetto di ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale PRIN 2022 - PNRR, P2022R85AA, BioEMC - Biochips for Emerging Micro-Contaminants”.