Anti-Arthritic Potential of Artemisia herba-alba in Carrageenan- and Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Models in Rats

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by progressive joint damage and immune dysregulation, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Conventional treatments, such as NSAIDs and corticosteroids, while effective, often cause adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular risks, and osteoporosis, particularly with long-term use. This study explores the anti-arthritic potential of Artemisia herba-alba, a medicinal plant with traditional anti-inflammatory uses, in carrageenan- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models in rats.

Two arthritis models were used: (1) CFA-induced arthritis, where inflammation was triggered by means of a single subcutaneous CFA injection into the hind paw, evaluated over 15 days, and (2) carrageenan-induced arthritis, induced by means of repeated intra-articular carrageenan injections into the hind paw over 30 days. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, arthritic, and treatment groups. The treatment groups received oral A. herba-alba extracts (250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg), while the positive control group received indomethacin (3 mg/kg). The hematological analysis quantified seric neutrophils and monocytes, and the histopathological examination assessed joint tissues using H&E staining.

A. herba-alba extracts demonstrated dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects, with the 500 mg/kg dose outperforming indomethacin. The hematological analysis showed significant reductions in neutrophils and monocytes, indicating systemic immune modulation. The histopathological findings revealed reduced osteoclast activity, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and preserved synovial tissue integrity. The 500 mg/kg dose notably mitigated osteoclastic bone resorption and prevented synovial hyperplasia.

These results highlight Artemisia herba-alba as a potent natural anti-inflammatory agent with systemic and localized effects, offering a safer alternative for arthritis management. Its efficacy at 500 mg/kg, surpassing indomethacin, underscores its therapeutic potential. Further research, including clinical trials, is needed to confirm its safety and efficacy in humans and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.