Implementation of multifunctional areas as tool to improve natural enemy populations in stone fruit fields in Spain

The mid-20th century saw significant shifts in land use, transforming diverse agricultural landscapes into uniform expanses. This consolidation drastically reduced or eliminated crucial ecological niches like field borders, disrupting habitats for various species. The consequences were far-reaching, altering the composition of local natural communities of birds, insects, and mammals.

Beneficial insects, such as pollinators and natural enemies, have been severely affected and have suffered the greatest decline, reaching up to 50%. Reviews demonstrate that six key factors explain the reduction in insect abundance and diversity: habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation; invasive species; parasites and diseases; unsustainable use of pesticides; extinction cascades; and climate change.

Following the LIVINGRO^® protocol, which promotes regenerative agriculture practices with the aim of protecting biodiversity and improving soil health while ensuring crop yields, insect biodiversity studies were conducted in productive (non-experimental) stone fruit orchards in Spain over the years 2020–2024.

In each field, we investigated which groups of insects are attracted and what the impact of multifunctional areas is on insect biodiversity. Additionally, populations of pests and beneficial insects, especially predators and parasitoids, have been compared. Malaise traps and sweep nets were used as sampling methods.

The studies revealed higher concentrations of insects, especially beneficial species, in areas featuring diverse vegetation corridors. This early evidence suggests that modern agricultural practices can coexist with biodiversity conservation efforts, paving the way for food systems that are equitable, health-promoting, and environmentally sustainable.