Analysis of Sustainable Practices in Greenhouse Horticulture in Almeria (Spain)

Greenhouse vegetable production in Andalusia is concentrated in Almeria (Spain), with 33.400 hectares, 80% of which are cultivated under biological control strategies and 3.492 hectares in organic farming. Almeria's agricultural model is distinguished by its cultivation techniques focused on economic, social and environmental sustainability. The Institute for Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA) supports the sustainability and development of this agricultural model through research, training and knowledge transfer projects that seek to improve the capacity of this horticultural sector.

To assess the current situation of Almeria's greenhouses, we conducted a survey of young farmers on the sustainable practices applied in their farms. This survey provided information on the cultivation systems used, the use of organic fertilizers, pest and disease control methods, biodegradable materials used and waste management.

A total of 105 surveys were conducted, revealing that 62% of the greenhouses use conventional cultivation, 24% opt for integrated pest management and 14% for organic. Although the use of phytosanitary products is common, more than half of the respondents use natural enemies and refuge plants and disinfect the soil mainly with solarization. In organic fertilization, manure is the most used. Two thirds of the respondents manage organic waste with specialized companies, while the rest self-manage it by burying or composting. The management of inorganic waste is mostly entrusted to a management company.

Based on this study, we can conclude that the use of natural enemies and refuge plants is becoming a common practice, promoting greenhouse biodiversity; the percentage of self-management of plant waste has increased over the years, although it is still mostly delivered to a composting plant; studies are being carried out on the use of biodegradable materials for greenhouses; and the delivery of inorganic greenhouse waste contributes to reducing its negative effects on the environment.