The Burden of Snakebite Envenomation in Livestock: Evidence from Rural Communities in Tamil Nadu

Snakebite envenomation (SBE)—the injection of venom through the bite of a venomous snake—in domestic animals is a neglected and under-reported problem. Whilst SBE is a major public health issue in humans, its impact on livestock remains poorly understood. This pilot study explored the clinical features and socioeconomic impacts of SBE in livestock in Tamil Nadu, India—a country with the world’s highest snakebite incidence. Between September and October 2024, 23 farmers from Coimbatore and Pollachi districts were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, reporting 21 cattle and 4 goat SBE cases.

Reported mortality rates were 52% in cattle and 100% in goats. Common clinical signs included local swelling, hypersalivation, and bleeding, with bites occurring mainly on the limbs or face. Bites predominantly occurred during the monsoon season, and in fields or sheds. Surviving cattle recovered in an average of four days, and farmers reported impacts on milk yield, fertility, and carcass weight.

Treatment was provided to 81% of cattle and 50% of goats. Financial losses were reported by 72% of farmers, averaging INR 42,000 per cow and INR 10,750 per goat, and were particularly impactful given the small herd sizes. These findings highlight the need for further research into the incidence and impact of livestock SBE, alongside the development of prevention strategies and improved access to treatment. Preventing livestock SBE is especially critical given limited antivenom availability and supports a One Health approach to snakebite control.