Advancing Sustainable Wastewater Reuse with Electrochemical Dynamic Membranes: The eSFDMBR Approach

The evolution of wastewater treatment technologies is increasingly oriented toward hybrid solutions that combine treatment efficiency, economic sustainability, and operational simplicity. In this context, this study proposes an innovative approach based on an integrated bioreactor called eSFDMBR (electro Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor), which combines self-forming dynamic membranes (SFDMs) with electrochemical processes.

The system treats real wastewater of civil origin with variable loads. At its core is a membrane made of a highly porous fibrous support, on which a filtering layer forms naturally through particle deposition. Internal electrodes generate redox reactions that enhance pollutant removal, inhibit biofilm formation, and limit fouling.

Results showed performance superior to traditional MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) systems. The removal efficiencies obtained in this innovative system were higher by more than four percentage points for COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal, by approximately forty percentage points for NH₄-N (Ammonium Nitrogen) removal, and by more than fifty percentage points for PO₄-P (Orthophosphate) removal.
The system maintained stability despite variations in load and temperature, demonstrating remarkable operational resilience.

Fouling control, one of the main limitations of MBRs, was effectively addressed through electrochemical action, which significantly reduced the presence of EPSs (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) and SMPs (Soluble Microbial Products). This ensured stable transmembrane pressure and reduced the need for cleaning interventions.

From an economic and management perspective, the use of low-cost membrane materials, combined with the process efficiency, leads to lower costs compared to conventional membrane systems. Moreover, the reactor’s simple design and operational flexibility make it suitable for decentralized contexts.

In summary, the eSFDMBR represents a promising solution for more sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment.