Climate Resilience Through Climate Smart Agriculture: Understanding the Adoption Patterns Among Small Holding Farmers of Bangladesh

The objective of this study is to determine the main drivers of adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices by smallholders, focusing on six important practices: row planting, crop rotation, improved maize (climate-adapted varieties), agroforestry, soil and water conservation, and crop residue management. For this purpose, this study uses the simple random sampling procedure of survey design for collecting cross-sectional data of 400 farming households in the char lands of Rangpur district. The paper applies descriptive statistics and chi-square test together with multivariate logit (MVL) modeling to account for socio-economic and institutional factors influencing adoption behavior. The results showed that the level of education, farm size, access to extension services, credit availability, and membership in a cooperative significantly increase the probability of adopting all CSA practices. Other environmental factors such as plot inclination or soil fertility also affect adoption in different ways. The research highlights the importance of institutional and resource support in addressing obstacles to the uptake of CSA. Informed by these findings, policy recommendations for integrated extension programs, enhancing access to financial services, and the development of farmer cooperatives are provided as a means to promote sustainable agricultural transformation and climate resilience of smallholder farmers.