Natural-derived sorbents: Application of biochar materials as green extractive approach in food analysis

The increasing demand for sustainable practices in analytical chemistry has led to the emergence of biochar as a promising natural-derived sorbent for food analysis. Produced via pyrolysis of diverse agro-industrial residues, biochar offers high porosity, tunable surface properties, and low-cost synthesis, positioning it as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional sorbent materials. Its application in food analysis aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry, promoting reduced solvent consumption, minimal waste generation, and enhanced method efficiency. This work presents a comprehensive and structured overview of biochar’s growing role in green sample preparation, with special emphasis on preparation methods, characterization techniques, and the selection of eco-compatible desorption solvents. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of biomass sources, such as fruit waste, nut residues, cereal by-products, lignocellulosic fibers, and wood waste, as well as critically assessing their suitability as biochar precursors. Each biomass type is discussed in terms of physicochemical characteristics, extraction performance, and specific applications related to food safety, trace contaminant determination, and quality control procedures. Current trends in the field highlight the valorization of underutilized natural waste streams, alongside the development of advanced functionalization strategies to enhance sorbent selectivity and stability. Overall, biochar-based sorbents represent effective, innovative, and sustainable tools for greener analytical workflows, with future prospects centered on expanding their applicability through continuous innovation in material design and integration into modern sample preparation techniques.