Integrating Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Pollutant Reduction and Biodiversity Promotion

Aquatic ecosystems face increasing pressure from anthropogenic drivers, particularly emerging contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and PFAS. These pollutants are persistent, harmful to non-target species, and compromise ecosystem structure and function. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are often ineffective at removing such compounds, creating urgency for new, efficient, and sustainable solutions.

This project addresses this by integrating hybrid Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs)—constructed wetlands, artificial floating islands, and microalgae ponds—under real environmental conditions and at an intercontinental scale. This approach improves pollutant and nutrient removal, aligning with key policies, such as the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, the Water Framework Directive, and SDG 6. The project also explores interactions between sewage treatment and biodiversity support, contributing to enrichment and conservation in line with the EU Green Deal, EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and SDG 15. Further, this project emphasizes valorisation of wetland biomass for biogas and biochar production, fostering circular economy practices while enhancing NBS performance. The expected results are as follows: 1) the promotion of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services; 2) better removal efficiencies of emerging contaminants; 3) treated effluent post-intensified solution will show fewer toxic effects on model species compared to those treated with current solutions; 4) production of clean energy through the optimization of biogas production; and 5) promotion of environmental sustainability, climate mitigation, and human well-being through improved water quality, economic benefits, and enhanced recreational and resource recovery opportunities.