A Comparative Study of Polyolefin-Based and Biodegradable Composites containing Metal Hydroxides

The present work proposes the use of metal hydroxides, specifically aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, as halogen-free flame-retardant additives in polymer matrices. The present study focuses on comparing their performance in polyolefin-based polymers and bio-polymer composite formulations. This approach is motivated by sustainability considerations and the growing market demand for environmentally friendly flame-retardant materials.

The incorporation of metal hydroxides occurred within two different composite materials: firstly, an EVA/LLDPE blend and secondly, a PBS matrix. Two types of metal hydroxide were evaluated for use in the formulation of flame-retardant composites (FRCs): precipitated aluminium hydroxide (p-ATH) and naturally milled magnesium hydroxide (nm-MDH). The p-ATH displays a crystalline composition, whereas nm-MDH manifests a brucite crystalline form. The presence of this dolomite phase is advantageous, as it decomposes at higher temperatures than the metal hydroxides and releases inert gases such as carbon dioxide, thereby enhancing flame resistance.

The characterisation of both metal hydroxides was accomplished through a multifaceted approach encompassing X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), meticulous morphological observation, and a comprehensive application of spectroscopic methodologies. It has been established that upon exposure to heat or flame, the metal hydroxides undergo endothermic decomposition, forming metal oxides and releasing water molecules. This reaction has been shown to result in an intumescent effect.

Through our investigation, we found that all of the examined FRCs displayed remarkable flame retardancy, fire resistance, and thermal stability—that is to say, resistance to static heat. These results underscore the potential of these metal hydroxides as effective halogen-free flame-retardant additives. Furthermore, while to a lesser extent, the presence of hydroxides of metals was found to reduce the accumulation of groups containing carbonyl and hydroxyl functionality during UVB weathering exposure. This finding suggests a protective effect on the polymer matrix.