Optimizing Dielectric Behavior in Perovskite–Polymer Hybrid Materials for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators

The transition toward sustainable energy technologies relies heavily on a deep understanding of energy harvesting mechanisms. Among the promising innovations in this field are nanogenerators (NGs)—devices capable of converting mechanical motions from the surrounding environment into electrical energy. Due to their durability and reliable power output, these systems have received increasing attention in recent years. In particular, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which utilize surface contact-induced charge separation combined with electrostatic induction, are considered highly efficient for transforming mechanical disturbances into electric signals. Despite their potential, a major limitation in TENG development is the relatively low charge transfer density that restricts the overall energy conversion efficiency. Within this context, halide perovskites (HPs) have emerged as a class of materials with exceptional dielectric, piezoelectric, and optoelectronic characteristics, making them suitable for next-generation energy and sensor devices. However, widespread adoption has been limited due to challenges such as instability under ambient conditions and concerns related to lead toxicity.

In the present study, we introduce a lead-free, flexible triboelectric nanogenerator based on a composite film composed of methylammonium tin chloride (CH₃NH₃SnCl₃, i.e., MSC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The MSC perovskite was synthesized via an antisolvent-assisted collision method, which enhanced crystallinity and material integration. This perovskite was then embedded within a PMMA matrix to improve dielectric properties, thereby enhancing the triboelectric performance of the composite. The optimized composite containing 10 wt% MSC achieved a substantial increase in output, producing a peak voltage of 525 V, a current of 13.6 μA, and a power output of 2.5 mW, surpassing many previously reported perovskite-based TENGs. Additionally, the device demonstrated high pressure sensitivity, recording values of 7.72 V/kPa in voltage sensing and 0.2 μA/kPa in current mode.