One Health and non-communicable diseases: animal interconnection to human non-communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing concern not only in human populations but also in animals, with significant implications for ecosystem health and human well-being. The interconnection of animal NCDs, environmental factors, and human health, highlights the role of the One Health framework in understanding and addressing these complex interactions. Animals, particularly livestock and wildlife, are increasingly affected by NCDs, such as obesity, diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases, often mirroring human health trends. Environmental factors, including pollution, climate change, and habitat degradation, are connected with the emergence and progression of these animal diseases. Exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to metabolic disorders and cancers in both animals and humans. Additionally, shared risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition, further fortifythe connection between animal and human NCDs. The implications of animal NCDs extend beyond animal health, affecting food security, zoonotic disease dynamics, and ecosystem stability, ultimately impacting human health. Thus, the study and management of NCDs in animals are essential not only for ensuring animal welfare and livestock production but also for contributing to the broader One Health framework. A One Health approach is critical to address the root causes of animal NCDs, advocating for integrated strategies that promote sustainable environmental practices, improve animal husbandry, and enhance surveillance systems, ultimately leading to the development of holistic solutions to mitigate the burden of NCDs across species and ecosystems, fostering a healthier planet for all.