Prevalence and Management of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle in Iraq: A Short Review

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically significant viral diseases affecting livestock globally, particularly in developing countries. This highly contagious disease causes severe productivity losses in affected animals, primarily cattle, sheep, and goats. This short review summarizes the prevalence, clinical presentation, and management strategies of FMD in cattle within Iraq. Data were obtained from published studies, governmental veterinary reports, and field observations between 2015 and 2024. The findings reveal that FMD outbreaks occur periodically, with higher incidence during the colder months when animal movements increase and biosecurity measures are often relaxed. Clinical signs observed in affected cattle include fever, excessive salivation, vesicular lesions on the mouth and feet, lameness, and decreased milk production, which collectively contribute to significant economic burdens for farmers and the livestock industry. Current management strategies in Iraq rely mainly on vaccination campaigns, quarantine measures, movement control, and supportive care for affected animals. However, challenges remain due to inconsistent vaccine coverage, limited laboratory diagnostic capacity, lack of public awareness, and unregulated animal trade practices. Strengthening vaccination programs, improving biosecurity measures, increasing farmer education, and enhancing regional cooperation are essential to reducing the impact of FMD in the region. This review emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance and coordinated efforts among veterinary authorities to effectively control and prevent future FMD outbreaks in Iraq, ultimately supporting food security and livestock sustainability.