Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Captive Deer Populations of Punjab, Pakistan

Gastrointestinal parasites are a major health challenge in captive wildlife, reducing Tthe survival, reproduction, and conservation value of endangered and vulnerable species. The health and sustainability of captive deer species that are significant to the environment, culture, and economy are compromised by parasitic illnesses. Limited information is available on parasitic prevalence in captive deer species of Pakistan, creating gaps in wildlife health management. In this study, a total of 120 fresh fecal samples were collected from Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama), and Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) housed in zoological gardens of Punjab. Samples were examined using flotation, sedimentation, and McMaster egg-per-gram (EPG) quantification techniques. Identified parasites were categorized, and infection prevalence was analyzed in relation to host factors (species, age, sex) and environmental seasonality. Overall, 65.8% of fecal samples were positive for at least one parasite species. Different parasite taxa were recorded, including protozoa (Trypanosoma, Babesia), cestodes (Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni), nematodes (Trichuris globulosa, Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus), and trematodes (Paramphistomum cervi). Trypanosoma spp. had the highest prevalence (37.5%), followed by Babesia (20.0%). Hog Deer exhibited the greatest infection burden (50%), followed by Fallow Deer (26.6%) and Blackbuck (23.3%). Significant correlations between infection prevalence and host-related parameters were found through epidemiological study. Male deer showed a somewhat higher incidence than females, and younger animals were more vulnerable to parasitic diseases. Environmental conditions substantially encourage parasite survival and transmission, as seen by seasonal patterns showing higher parasite burdens during warm and humid months. This study highlights a high prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in captive deer populations of Punjab. The findings underscore the need for routine surveillance, targeted deworming, and improved management of captive environments to reduce parasite loads. These measures are critical for safeguarding deer health, preventing cross-transmission to domestic animals, and strengthening wildlife conservation programs in Pakistan.