Meta-Analysis of Bacteriophage Use in Managing Mastitis and Diarrhea in Cattle Infected with E. coli

Calf diarrhea and bovine mastitis caused by Escherichia coli represent globally significant diseases that impose substantial economic burdens on the dairy industry. The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, posing serious threats to both animal health and ecological stability. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of bacteriophages as a viable and innovative alternative to conventional antibiotics for managing these infections in cattle. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the current status of bacteriophage therapy in this field. An initial screening and review of 1,148 articles was performed, drawing from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, spanning the years 1983 to 2021. Based on the inclusion criteria, 15 articles were selected for detailed meta-analysis. In vivo assessments covered a total of 126 cattle treated with bacteriophages in 7 different studies. Of these, six focused on treating calf diarrhea, while one addressed bovine coliform mastitis, with all treated animals achieving clinical recovery. Furthermore, 8 in vitro experiments analyzed 738 E. coli strains subjected to bacteriophage lysis, resulting in an overall microbiological cure rate of 84.20%. These results highlight the promising efficacy, safety, and potential of bacteriophages as an alternative therapeutic strategy to control E. coli-induced diarrhea in calves and bovine mastitis, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional antimicrobial treatments.