Taxonomic Complexity and Ecological Adaptability of Lantana camara L. in India: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Lantana camara L., a species native to tropical and subtropical regions, is known for its high morphological plasticity, which complicates both its identification and control. This study aims to review the taxonomic heterogeneity of L. camara in India, with a special focus on its spatial distribution, ecological adaptability, and morphological polymorphism.

Introduction:
Belonging to the family Verbenaceae, L. camara is widely recognized for its ornamental and medicinal applications. However, due to its invasive nature, it poses significant threats to native ecosystems. Effective management of this species requires a thorough taxonomic understanding.

Methods:
Field surveys were conducted from 2021 to 2023 across diverse biogeographical zones, including the Western Ghats, Gangetic Plains, and Himalayan Terai. Morphological traits such as leaf shape, flower color, and fruiting habits were recorded. Molecular identification was performed using ITS2 and matK DNA barcodes. Spatial distribution was mapped using GIS tools.

Results:
The study revealed substantial phenotypic variation among L. camara populations, corresponding to regional climatic and edaphic conditions. Five distinct morphotypes were identified, although morphological boundaries between them were often ambiguous. Molecular analyses supported the presence of cryptic diversity within the L. camara complex. The species was most invasive in disturbed habitats, particularly in semi-arid and tropical zones.