A critical review on the influence of additive manufacturing on climate change and environmental sustainability

Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, has a substantial, primarily positive impact on climate change by reducing material waste, in contrast to subtractive methods that remove material. Generally, AM processes necessitate less energy, particularly by eradicating the necessity for energy-intensive tooling, which is necessary in processes like injection molding. An additional factor contributing to reduced energy consumption is the emphasis on heating only the essential components. This technology reduces the need for long-distance transportation of components and products through localized on-demand production. As a result, conventional globalized supply chains and transportation logistics significantly reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, AM enables the development of intricate, lightweight designs that enhance structural performance, which are more energy-efficient and sustainable throughout the product's lifecycle.

However, AM is currently facing a limited number of challenges that necessitate attention. Certain AM processes have the potential to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a contributing factor to air pollution and require improved management. The potential of AM to promote a circular economy and reduce the overall environmental impact is contingent upon the continuing advancement of material recycling and scalability. As a result of the necessity for inert gases such as argon, powder metal processes can have a substantial environmental impact, demanding strategies to mitigate their use.

Despite these limitations, AM has the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions, create greener built environments, and offer an opportunity to lower energy consumption while supporting global carbon neutrality goals.