Gum Arabic-Based Bioactive Coatings Enriched with Natural Additives: A Biostimulation and Biocontrol Strategy for Postharvest Fruit Preservation

Postharvest deterioration of fruits remains a global challenge, leading to significant economic losses and reduced food security. Conventional synthetic packaging delays spoilage but raises environmental and health concerns. Edible coatings based on natural polymers offer a sustainable alternative. Gum Arabic, an exudate from Acacia species, possesses excellent film-forming capacity and is widely recognized for its safety and biodegradability. Its role can be further enhanced through incorporation of natural bioactive additives.

This study investigates gum Arabic coatings, applied alone and in combination with natural compounds such as essential oils, polyphenolic extracts, and waxes. Coating solutions were prepared at varying concentrations and applied to fruits by dipping or spraying. Physicochemical attributes (weight loss, firmness, color, and soluble solids), microbiological stability, and sensory qualities were monitored during storage. Encapsulation and hybrid polymer strategies were explored to stabilize volatile and sensitive additives.

Pure gum Arabic coatings reduced respiration rate, water loss, and microbial contamination, maintaining fruit firmness, color, and nutritional value. When enriched with essential oils, coatings displayed enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against common pathogens. Polyphenolic extracts provided antioxidant protection, delaying browning and oxidative damage, while wax incorporation improved resistance to moisture loss. These combined effects contributed to extended shelf life and better consumer acceptance.

Gum Arabic-based coatings represent a novel strategy, integrating both biostimulator—through delayed ripening and quality preservation—and biocontrol—through antimicrobial and antioxidant protection. Their multifunctionality highlights their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic packaging, supporting eco-friendly and efficient postharvest management systems.