Understanding Sexual Abuse Risk: A Brazilian School-Based Study

Sexual abuse is a widespread issue in Brazil, and its effects are very damaging, if not irreversible, for victims. This type of violence is a deep-rooted, alarmingly widespread problem in Brazilian society, and the effects on lives can be extensive. Long-lasting effects may include psychosocial problems, with varying levels of intensity (for example, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or complex trauma), and physical issues that may range from chronic pain to reproductive concerns, or even chronic illnesses. For this reason, the current study explored predictors of sexual abuse in a nationally representative sample of students completing a school-based survey in 2019. Logistic regression models were developed using the following independent variables: age, gender, race, urban vs. rural, public vs. private, cyber victimization and traditional victimization by bullying. Findings indicated that age (16-17 versus younger; OR = 1.60, p < .001), female gender (OR = 2.36, p < .001) and indigenous and racial identities who identified as black (OR = 1.13, p = .003) or Asian (OR = 1.14, p = .045) increased the likelihood of sexual abuse. Findings also indicated students in public schools had higher odds of reporting sexual abuse (OR = 1.37, p < .001) than private school students. Those who experienced cyberbullying (OR = 3.22, p < .001) and school bullying (OR = 1.78, p < .001) reported greater odds for sexual abuse than their non-bullied classmates. Aligning with both national and international studies, these results provide testimony as to the extent and prevalence of sexual abuse. Findings involving demographic and relational variables provide avenues for prevention, such as in identifying risk factors to take preventative measures for at-risk youth. Enhancements in accessing support services are needed, as well societal awareness regarding this form of traumatic violence experienced by youth.