AI-Integrated Courtyard Geometry Optimization: A Smart BAS-Facade Framework for Climate-Responsive Architecture in Tamil Nadu

Courtyards have long been integral to vernacular architecture in Tamil Nadu, offering passive cooling, natural light, and social connectivity. However, modern residential buildings often overlook their climatic and energy benefits, leading to increase reliance on mechanical systems. This study explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can be integrated with Building Automation Systems (BAS) and responsive facade technologies to enhance the environmental performance of courtyard-based architecture across different climatic zones of Tamil Nadu.

By analyzing traditional courtyard geometries, proportions, and orientations, this research identifies key parameters influencing thermal comfort, ventilation, and daylight performance. By reducing energy demand and increasing energy efficiency, AI adds overall impact by making the system smart. These parameters are then simulated and optimized using AI algorithms to derive climate-specific courtyard configurations. The integration of BAS enables dynamic environmental control—adjusting facade openings, shading devices, and airflow in real time based on sensor data.

The proposed AI-BAS-Facade framework bridges vernacular design logic and digital intelligence, transforming static courtyards into adaptive, energy-efficient microclimates. The results aim to establish data-driven design guidelines for low-rise housing that reduce operational energy consumption while preserving regional architectural identity. This approach demonstrates how AI-enhanced traditional design strategies can lead to sustainable, context-responsive built environments in a rapidly urbanizing climate.