Ecological and Cultural Value of Buddleja cordata: A Native Resource for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate-Resilient Restoration

Buddleja cordata Kunth, commonly known as tepozán, is a dioecious shrub or tree widely distributed in temperate and sub-humid regions of Mexico. Beyond its ecological role, this species holds strong cultural significance, being recognized by Indigenous groups under multiple vernacular names and traditionally used to treat renal, digestive, inflammatory, and skin disorders. Phytochemical research has demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties, underscoring their importance for human well-being. Ecologically, B. cordata demonstrates remarkable plasticity, thriving in degraded soils, xeric conditions, polluted environments, and under hydric stress. Its dense pubescence, phenological adaptations, and deep root system enable it to colonize disturbed areas, functioning as both a pioneer and a secondary species in successional processes. Moreover, it provides habitat and resources for diverse associated organisms—including insects, birds, lichens, and epiphytes—underscoring its role as a biodiversity-supporting microhabitat. From a restoration perspective, B. cordata enhances soil fertility through litter input, biomass production, and carbon sequestration, while tolerating hydrocarbons and heavy metals. These features, coupled with its attractiveness to pollinators, position it as a strategic native species for ecological restoration, urban forestry, and climate adaptation initiatives across Mexico. Recognizing B. cordata as a keystone native resource emphasizes the need to integrate traditional knowledge, ecological function, and climate resilience into restoration policies. Its multifunctionality illustrates how native species can serve as nature-based solutions to safeguard biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being amid climate and land-use change.