DNT-Induced Soil and Crop Toxicity: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Sustainable Remediation

Explosive residues, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), are pervasive xenobiotic pollutants that accumulate in soils during the manufacturing, transportation, and testing of explosives, posing significant threats to the ecosystem and agricultural yield. The persistent nature of nitroaromatic compounds leads to destruction of microbial communities, and detrimental effects on plant physiology, including inadequate germination, decreased photosynthetic efficiency, and elevated oxidative stress, have all been reported in various experiments. The present study aims to summarize the current understanding of the environmental fate of DNT, its physiological and biochemical effects on crop plants, and forthcoming bioremediation strategies intended to reduce contamination. Furthermore, this review offers evidence of alterations in detoxification-related gene expression, oxidative damage pathways, and the deficits of traditional remediation techniques. Phytoremediation and plant–microbe interactions, which have been proven to be environmentally acceptable alternatives for chemical or physical treatments, garnered special attention. The creation of DNT-scavenger plants and engineered microbial consortia is an example of a recent biotechnology advancement that shows promise for restoring soil health. This review addresses essential knowledge gaps and futuristic research priorities by applying outcomes of various disciplines, particularly concerning field-based applications and prospective ecological impacts. The summary provided in this case is intended to deliver a unified framework for researchers and practitioners seeking sustainable solutions to nitroaromatic pollution.