Technical Report on Edaphoclimatic Stress, Salinity Management and Bio-input Integration in Arid Viticulture Systems of Baja California

Mexico is considered the first North American region where the cultivation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) began. Currently, 17 Mexican states include wine production as part of their economic development, with Baja California leading in wine grape production, totaling 4,365 hectares planted and 170 producers (Consejo Mexicano Vitivinícola, 2024). Baja California has a dry semi-arid climate, with summer temperatures reaching up to 45 °C and winter lows of 4 °C, and annual precipitation ranging from 100 to 200 mm (SMN, 2024; Garcia et al., 2024). In addition, water scarcity, soil salinization, pest outbreaks, vineyard senescence, and related factors threaten the long-term productivity and sustainability of viticulture. This technical report defines the main edaphic and climatic limitations of viticulture in Baja California and explores the potential of local bio-inputs and circular economy strategies for soil regeneration and climate resilience. The methodology included peer-reviewed (2015–2025) complemented by observation notes and on-site interviews with winemakers and field technicians. The results indicated that, while current practices focus on drip irrigation and agrochemical use, there is growing interest in improving quality using plant-based bioprotective products, organic compost, and microbial inoculants (e.g., Bacillus, Trichoderma) (Romero Azorín & García García, 2020). These formulations aim to enhance tolerance to abiotic stress, improve soil structure, and facilitate irrigation with saline water. In conclusion, knowledge gaps and the lack of regulatory validation highlight the importance of an interconnected territorial circular bioeconomy. This model is designed to link producers, academia, and industry, fostering regenerative viticulture adapted to the arid conditions of Baja California.