Agroecological frameworks for optimizing grapevine defense mechanisms against fungal pathogens through biodiversity integration and bio elicitors

The ecological stability of Vitis vinifera L. ecosystems is currently compromised by the accelerating climate crisis, which disrupts the traditional phenological stages of the vine. In Mediterranean and Eastern European viticulture, the intensification of heatwaves has exacerbated the virulence of pathogens like Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator, leading to significant physiological degradation and reduced berry quality. This study investigates a transformative shift toward agroecological resilience by integrating diverse cover crops and botanical elicitors into vineyard management. The research focuses on how enhancing inter-row biodiversity can modulate the vineyard microclimate, effectively reducing the humidity levels that favor fungal sporulation. Additionally, the efficacy of seaweed-based biostimulants and beneficial fungi is evaluated as a strategic replacement for copper-based fungicides. Comprehensive field analysis demonstrates that these sustainable practices improve the antioxidant capacity of the vines, allowing for a 35% reduction in synthetic inputs without compromising the organoleptic properties of the harvest. The findings underscore that transition toward bio-intensive plant protection is essential for preserving the economic viability of viticultural terroir in an increasingly warming environment. This work provides original actionable insights for adapting viticultural protection programs to the complex requirements of the current global agricultural sector. By prioritizing soil-plant-microbe interactions, growers can maintain productivity while navigating the escalating environmental volatility that defines modern viticulture.