Emergency Department Presentations Due to Psychoactive Substances: A Retrospective Analysis

This study addresses the growing public health issue of psychoactive substance use, which has significant physical and mental health consequences and imposes a burden on healthcare systems. The effects of these substances are highly variable, ranging from mild symptoms such as anxiety or tachycardia to severe outcomes including loss of consciousness, psychosis, or seizures. Particularly concerning is the use of multiple substances, which increases severity and morbidity. Systematic recording of cases can improve understanding of emerging trends, enhance management in Emergency Departments (EDs), and inform targeted prevention and intervention strategies.

The aim of this study was to record and analyze the characteristics of patients presenting to the ED due to psychoactive substance use.

Cannabis was the most commonly used substance, often in combination with cocaine, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants. Poly-substance use was reported in over half of the cases. Frequent clinical manifestations included anxiety, agitation, psychosis, vomiting, and tachycardia. Most patients arrived by ambulance and exhibited altered consciousness. Hospital admission occurred in 60% of cases, and no fatalities were reported. The most severe cases were associated with heroin or multiple substance use.

In conclusion, psychoactive substance use primarily affects young adults, with cannabis being the most prevalent. Severe complications are linked to opioids and poly-substance use. Systematic data collection is essential for targeted prevention, timely intervention, and strengthening addiction management services.