Electrochemical Deposition of Ni/Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene Nanocomposite Coatings from a Boric Acid–Free Electrolyte

Composite electrochemical coatings (CECs) based on nickel and dispersed functional particles offer an effective route to enhance the mechanical, chemical, and tribological performance of metallic surfaces. In this work, the electrochemical co‑deposition of nickel with Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene was investigated to develop advanced Ni/MXene nanocomposite coatings with improved functional properties.

The dispersion stability of Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene was systematically evaluated through the screening of multiple surfactants, first in aqueous media and subsequently in the nickel electrolyte. A sustainable nickel electroplating electrolyte was utilized by substituting boric acid with tartaric acid. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were used to determine hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) and ζ‑potential, enabling identification of the optimal dispersant for stable MXene suspensions.

Using the stable electrolyte, Ni/Ti₃C₂Tₓ composite coatings were produced via direct‑current (DC) electrochemical co‑deposition at current densities of 1, 2, and 5 A·dm⁻². The resulting coatings were comprehensively characterized: surface morphology and MXene distribution were examined by SEM–EDS, while phase composition and elemental content were assessed using PXRD and portable XRF. Mechanical and surface properties were evaluated through Vickers microhardness testing and water contact angle measurements, providing insight into the structure–property relationships governing the performance of the developed nanocomposite coatings.